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The IUPAC nomenclature for alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes provides a systematic way to name these hydrocarbons based on their molecular structure. For alkanes, which are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds, the name is derived from the longest continuous carbon chain, with a suffix "-ane". The carbon chain is numbered from the end nearest a substituent group to ensure the lowest possible numbers for substituents. Alkenes, which contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond, are named similarly but with the suffix "-ene", and the chain is numbered to give the double bond the lowest possible number. If multiple double bonds are present, prefixes like "di-", "tri-", etc., are used. For alkynes, which contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, the naming convention is similar, using the suffix "-yne", with the position of the triple bond indicated by the lowest possible number. In both alkenes and alkynes, if substituents are present, their positions and names are specified as prefixes in alphabetical order. Overall, this systematic approach ensures clarity and uniformity in the naming of hydrocarbons.
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