Thanks for watching! Part 1 on the Nuclear Atom is here: kzitem.info/news/bejne/mZqcqImui6yIq4o and a playlist of all of my revision videos is here: kzitem.info/door/PLSygKZqfTjPC3hJ7nRSnnXTw3tI_o67dR Good luck in revision! : )
@Douglas..1
2 жыл бұрын
Will be coming back to this next year, a little early to start on nuclear physics when we only finished waves 2 yesterday. Thanks for this anyway.
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
agreed! Well done on finishing waves 2, the double slit experiment is super important!
@SpotterVideo
11 ай бұрын
Conservation of Spatial Curvature (both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature) Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. ------------------------ String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension? What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine. Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: “We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr (lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958) The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Mesons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. We know there is an unequal distribution of electrical charge within each atom because the positive charge is concentrated within the nucleus, even though the overall electrical charge of the atom is balanced by equal positive and negative charge. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137. 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles? ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. The model grew out of that simple idea. I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles. .
@camdenmusique
2 жыл бұрын
Wow exactly what I needed after finishing nuclear physics in lesson thank you for your helpful lessons!
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
Anytime! Glad to hear this is helpful!
@georgeramble1509
5 ай бұрын
I've learnt more in this recap than my physics teacher taught me in a month, thanks a lot!
@georgeramble1509
5 ай бұрын
one question, what is a thermal neutron?
@zhelyo_physics
5 ай бұрын
thank you for the comment! So a thermal neutron is a slow moving neutron, it is slowed down by the moderator (typically water). We need it slow as there is a higher chance that it would produce a nuclear reaction and be absorbed within the uranium nucleus. Hope this helps!
@edforever6299
2 жыл бұрын
great video, for binding energy calculations in aqa they give u masses in terms of u and then u can just multiply by 931.5 to get the mass defect straight into energy in MeV which i find is much quicker for any aqa people out there! (all on data sheet)
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
Thanks a lot! the atomic mass unit is often used across the exam boards and this can appear in OCR too and I'm sure in other exam boards too.
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
Practice Questions here: kzitem.info/news/bejne/pqejtH2pn554h44
@ThePhysicsGuru
Ай бұрын
I am learning from you sir. Some times this topic is complicated due to Einsteins formula. Students think that whole mass becomes energy where as the fact is that only a small part known as mass defect converts into energy,.
@julhudda628
2 жыл бұрын
excited to use these videos at A-level :)
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
thanks!
@kausarlolz
3 ай бұрын
for an induced fission, why should the large nucleus absorb a "slow" neutron and gives off "fast" neutrons?
@tommeijer1859
2 жыл бұрын
Thanks dude much needed 🙌🙌
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
No problem 👍
@expiracy9458
2 жыл бұрын
top notch stuff
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
Thanks! Done by comparing facts and wording with the spec and mark schemes to help everyone get good grades!
@humza4129
Жыл бұрын
hey hey, thanks for helping all of us, so we can suceed in life and you too.:]
@zhelyo_physics
Жыл бұрын
Thanks a lot for the lovely comment! These genuienly make my day. Thanks!
@ghostty6712
3 ай бұрын
LEGEND!
@zhelyo_physics
3 ай бұрын
thank you!
@luddy20
Жыл бұрын
I dont understand the binding energy graph what does the binding energy per nucleon mean and what does yielding energy mean? can you please explain the graph in simple terms sir! thanks again for amazing videos
@zhelyo_physics
Жыл бұрын
So the binding energy per nucleon - how many J of energy are required to for a nucleon to be removed from the nucleus. This is very hard because of the strong nuclear force keeping everything together. Yielding energy - reaching a point of higher binding energy (e.g. fusing a two hydrogen nuclei into helium makes a jump in the graph - we have yielded energy). The product then actually has a lower mass and the excesses energy is released via photons (and hence sunshine! : ) ). Hope this helps, it is tricky!
@Fred-mv4mp
2 жыл бұрын
Errr. What 20:11 , you haven’t actually answered the question. It states ‘suggest why…. for deuterium and helium’. You have compared the both. The question on asks for why the probability is less for both. Not to suggest why it is less for the other.
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
Excellent question! So the question is comparing the probability between "Deuterium and helium" VS "Deuteroum and tritium" The higher graph versus the lower graph. The graph Deuterium VS Helium is lower because helium has the higher charge, higher charge means higher coloumb interaction and more force to overcome. Hope this makes sense, drop a comment if it doesn't!
@Fred-mv4mp
2 жыл бұрын
Ohhh. That makes so much more sense. But why does the probability drop off towards higher temperatures after certain temps?
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
@@Fred-mv4mp Excellent question! The probability is pretty complex and do it properly you need to use applied quantum mechanics which is beyond the scope of a level. On a large scale (like in a star or a reactor) there is a "sweet spot" for the temperature, if the particles are moving too fast they may actually collide less. This is not part of the question though, but still interesting.
@Fred-mv4mp
2 жыл бұрын
@@zhelyo_physics Perfect thank you. Great video as well. Watching all off them and doing the practice questions on another one right now!!
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
Good luck pal! You've got this!
@Freepalestinefromisnotreal111
8 ай бұрын
can you do a vid on nuclear equations and difference between beta equations and nuclear
@zhelyo_physics
8 ай бұрын
kzitem.info/news/bejne/mZqcqImui6yIq4o done
@gorilla452
3 ай бұрын
Hi sir, at 8:00 shouldn't we of divided both sides by N to get the binding energy per nucleon. I get your point that E/N is the binding energy per nucleon, but the RHS should still be equal to the total binding energy no?
@friskr2508
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you for this, is there a possibility you can do magnetic fields?
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
even better, already done! : ) kzitem.info/news/bejne/s6CPm5aQbXSda6Q Use the navigation to find the appropriate section of magnetic fields. Also individual magnetic fields topics are filmed in this playlist: kzitem.info/door/PLSygKZqfTjPBOW5pQn3UkOoeafcRz3ojJ
@friskr2508
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you very much!
@jamiecroll
3 ай бұрын
At 2:16 you found the change in mass to be negative. But isn't the mass of its constituent parts (in this case Mfinal) always greater than the mass of the nucleus (Minitial)? But since we have a negative you are saying the intial mass is greater than the final mass?
@GalaxiesWithJup
3 ай бұрын
The initial mass is greater some of it is transferred to energy
@fatymahbatool3079
2 жыл бұрын
Thanks, Can you do one for thermal physics please?
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
There you go! : ) Part 1: kzitem.info/news/bejne/2Z2X4KmvpIt9d6g Part 2: kzitem.info/news/bejne/s4J6vmlveoaWmHY Btw, I have filmed now all the topics, check out the playlist I posted in the top comment for a full a level physics playlist.
@cstorr2690
4 ай бұрын
Great video. Quick question in nuclear fission and fusion is energy produced due to a decrease in the mass of the products compared to the reactants?
@zhelyo_physics
4 ай бұрын
Absolutely, there is a mass defect in each that gets transferred to energy. Hope this helps!
@goodtimes5135
2 жыл бұрын
This is a great video
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
thanks!
@yahiamuflehi3047
9 ай бұрын
Great video but I think I may have spotted a potential error/typo. You have written that elements to the left of Iron cannot yield energy through fission as the binding energy per nucleon will decrease. Shouldn't the binding energy per nucleon increase?
@yahiamuflehi3047
9 ай бұрын
You can see this at 9:00
@zhelyo_physics
9 ай бұрын
thanks a lot. It's a question of my wording, if you going to get energy out of fusion/fission you want to reach a stage with a higher binding energy. Since the peak is at at Iron going left or right gets you lower binding energy per nucleon. Hope this clarifies!
@Vigilant69
2 жыл бұрын
can you do practice questions for this topic?
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
yes! working on it : )
@vek5661
Жыл бұрын
when doing the mass defect calculations do we need to include the mass of the electrons as you never did in your example of the calcualtion
@zhelyo_physics
Жыл бұрын
Excellent question! No, we only consider the nucleus in nuclear physics. Hope this helps!
@user-jt5cv5hg3n
2 жыл бұрын
can you make video on Advanced Informatino for 2022 OCR A exams like predicted questinos
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
I have past paper questions on most of the advanced topics. You can find them in this playlist: kzitem.info/door/PLSygKZqfTjPDC32W1_5X73bidHeCHjTFo I'd personally not want to try and predict questions, but rather to try and undertand all the possible questions/topics. Good luck preparing! : )
@notsecure6855
2 жыл бұрын
Solid
@juveria6536
5 ай бұрын
are the last 2 chapters still part of syllabus?? idts
@zhelyo_physics
4 ай бұрын
What exam board is it? You should be able to easily find out your syllabus online and compare with the videos here and chances are, you will find what you are looking for. Good luck revising!
@KO-ip2dk
2 жыл бұрын
Would i subtract the mass after fusion/fission away from the mass before? or vise versa?
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
Typically it's done first mass take away second mass to avoid a negative sign.
@MOHITKUMAR-gh7ng
2 жыл бұрын
Can the fast moving neutrons be used in nuclear fission . If not then why ?
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
excellent question. There is much lower probability of fission happening inside the reactor if the speed is too high. Hence the moderator.
@x_nova_x7469
2 жыл бұрын
at 11:39 is the binding energy equal to the change in energy?
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
yes : )
@ozone9942
6 ай бұрын
Do we need to know Z-N curves for Ocr a?
@zhelyo_physics
6 ай бұрын
yep
@Vigilant69
2 жыл бұрын
My textbook says the formula for gravitational field strength is = Gm/r2 in ur rev video u mentioned it was minus Gm/r2 can u explain the minuses
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
sure. The minus sign only shows the direction and it's a convention to indicate that it's an attractive force. In reality the best way to express it scalar GM*(1/r^2) times a unit vector pointing in whichever direction it is acting. So in short, just think of it as a force with a given direction.
@tianshu960
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you for your amazing video! I got a small question would like to ask, why the greater electrostatic repulsive force means higher reaction probability? Thank you !
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
Is this about the deuterium question? If so, higher electrostatic repulsion means lower probability because more energy needs to be supplied to overcome it.
@tianshu960
2 жыл бұрын
@@zhelyo_physics oh I see, Thank you so so much, I got it now. By the way, is there any past paper question video in Nuclear physics topic? I did the astrophysics that one yesterday and it was really helpful. ZPhysics saved my physics!!
@personmcperson222
2 жыл бұрын
@@tianshu960 check PMT (physics and maths tutor)
@Tushar-kj5wm
2 жыл бұрын
Atomic physics please
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
There you go! : ) kzitem.info/news/bejne/mZqcqImui6yIq4o
@DN-ps4bn
11 ай бұрын
I’m not in college. Nuclear energy just intrigues me.
@zhelyo_physics
11 ай бұрын
I agree, it's super interesting. I will do more videos about it : )
@Abdullah_0083
2 жыл бұрын
i watched this video IN VR
@zhelyo_physics
2 жыл бұрын
so is that the future of education? : )
@Abdullah_0083
2 жыл бұрын
@@zhelyo_physics i hope so
@luddy20
Жыл бұрын
sir what about radioactivity hazards?
@zhelyo_physics
Жыл бұрын
The questions on that typically involve radioactive waste as a hazard (typically buried). If doing an experiment with a radioactive source - you avoid exposure near the source, always handle with gloves, never point at a person, etc. Hope this helps!
Пікірлер: 83