Agra Fort is a historical fort in the city of Agra in India. It was the main residence of the emperors of the Mughal Dynasty till 1638, when the capital was shifted from Agra to Delhi. The Agra fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site.It is about 2.5 km northwest of its more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be more accurately described as a walled city. It was in a ruined condition and Akbar had it rebuilt with red sandstone from Barauli area Dhaulpur district, in Rajasthan.It was only during the reign of Akbar’s grandson, Shah Jahan, that the site took on its current state. Shah Jahan built the beautiful Taj Mahal in the memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Unlike his grandfather, Shah Jahan tended to have buildings made from white marble. He destroyed some of the earlier buildings inside the fort to make his own.
The fort was invaded and captured by the Maratha Empire in the early 18th century. Thereafter, it changed hands between the Marathas and their foes many times. After their catastrophic defeat at Third Battle of Panipat by Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761, Marathas remained out of the region for the next decade. Finally Mahadji Shinde took the fort in 1785. It was lost by the Marathas to the British during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, in 1803.
The fort was the site of a battle during the Indian rebellion of 1857, which caused the end of the British East India Company’s rule in India, and led to a century of direct rule of India by Britain.
AMAR SINGH RATHORE
(11 December 1613 - 25 July 1644) was a Rajput nobleman affiliated with the royal house of Marwar, and a courtier of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in seventeenth-century India. After he was disinherited and exiled by his family, he entered the Mughals' service. His legendary bravery and battle prowess resulted in elevation to a high rank in the imperial nobility and personal recognition by the emperor, who made him the subedar (governor) of a region that was directly ruled by the emperor himself, Nagaur. In 1644, he was enraged by an attempt by the emperor to levy a fine on him for an unauthorized absence. In the emperor's presence, he stabbed and killed Salabat Khan, who had been asked to collect the fine. Emperor Shah Jahan was taken aback and ordered his soldiers to kill Amar Singh. However, valiant Amar showed his battle skills and killed almost all of those who came upon him. He soon escaped from the fort, and returned safely to his place.
Shah Jahan was furious at Amar's misadventure and annoyed by the fact his force couldn't kill Amar. So, on the next day in court, the emperor announced that a jagir (land grant) will be given to those who would kill Amar Singh. However, no one was ready to take a chance with Amar Singh Rathore, as they had faced his wrath just a day before. Arjun, Amar Singh's brother-in-law, accepted the challenge, lured by the emperor's offer of a jagir. Arjun approached Amar claiming the Monarch realised his mistake and would not lose a warrior like Amar. Even though Amar was not convinced at the beginning, he soon fell to Arjun's art of treachery.
Meanwhile, a small door was erected in front of the court of Shah Jahan, so that tall Amar Singh would have to bend before the Monarch to enter the court. Having watched Amar's valiant acts earlier and also the proceedings in the court, a curious Fakir asked the emperor "Jahanpanah, how could we conquer Hindustan having so many Warriors" Shah Jahan replied "wait and see how we did". Bowing before anyone was considered a form of showing respect and accepting his kingship. Amar was unwilling to bow before the emperor, and Arjun knowing Amar's view advised him to first enter with the legs, and the lower trunk. While Amar paid heed to his advice, Arjun came from the other side and stabbed him in the chest several times until Amar Singh fell to the ground and died. Then Arjun severed his head and took it to the Emperor. The monarch turned to the Fakir and said "Now you know how we got rid of the warriors". Later Shah Jahan did not keep his word to Arjun and had him killed too.
On hearing of Amar Singh's death, his wife along with the Rajput soldiers headed by Bhallu Singh and Ram Singh attacked the fort where the body of Amar Singh was lying. However, thousands of Moghul soldiers surrounded the Rajput forces. The valiant Rajput forces resisted them until Amar Singh's body was taken away from the fort. Though all of those Rajput fighters laid down their lives, they never bowed to the superiority of the Moghul Sultanate. Later on, the narrow door in the fort was popularly known as Amar Singh Darwaza (Amar Singh's Door) as it marked Rajput gallantary over the Muslim army. Some historians claim that Shah Jahan ordered the door to be closed permanently as it would remind him of his near defeat at the hands of Rajput forces.
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