Foundation of Election Commission and First General Election: The Election Commission of India was founded on 25th January 1950, under the leadership of Sukumar Sen (originally the commission had only a Chief Election Commissioner).
Inaugural General Election held from October 1951 to February 1952, marking the participation of 17.5 crore voters amidst logistical hurdles.
Despite an illiterate electorate and refugee populations, India embraced universal suffrage for citizens above 21 years.
Lowering of Voting Age: The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act of 1984 reduced the voting age from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha as well as the assembly elections.
This was done to provide the unrepresented youth of the country an opportunity to express their feelings and help them become a part of the political process.
Deputation to Election Commission: In 1985, a provision was made that the officers and the staff engaged in the preparation, revision and correction of electoral rolls for elections are deemed to be on deputation to the Election Commission for the period of such employment.
These personnel, during that period, would be under the control, superintendence and discipline of the Election Commission.
ECI as Multi-Member Commission: The Election Commission of India (ECI) became a Multi-Member Commission for the first time in 1989.
On 1st January 1990, the positions of these additional election commissioners were abolished.
However, the ECI became a three-member body again on 1st October 1993 (with one Chief Election Commissioner and two election commissioners), which remains the structure today.
Transition to Ballot Papers from Coloured Ballot Box: In the early years of Indian elections, individual coloured ballot boxes were used for each candidate.
Voters would cast their votes by dropping paper ballots into the respective boxes, a method that required meticulous counting and posed challenges in preventing fraud and manipulation.
The introduction of ballot papers marked a crucial step towards streamlining the voting process.
Voters would mark their preferences on paper ballots, which were then collected and counted manually.
While this method improved vote counting accuracy, it still had limitations such as potential errors and delays in announcing results.
Electronic Voting Machines: In 1989, a provision was made to facilitate the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) in elections.
The EVMs were used for the first time in 1998 on experimental basis in selected constituencies in the elections to the Assemblies of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi.
The EVMs were used for the first time in the general elections (entire state) to the Assembly of Goa in 1999.
स्वतंत्र एवं निष्पक्ष चुनाव किसी भी लोकतांत्रिक राष्ट्र के लिये सुशासन की अनिवार्य अवधारणाओं में शामिल है। भारत में चुनाव प्रणाली को महत्त्व प्रदान करते हुए इसमें सुधार हेतु समय-समय पर कई समितियों का गठन किया गया। तारकुंडे समिति, दिनेश गोस्वामी समिति, इंद्रजीत गुप्त समिति तथा के. संथानम समिति चुनाव सुधार के लिये लाए गए कुछ प्रमुख समितियों के उदाहरण है। इनकी प्रमुख सिफारिशों को निम्नलिखित रूपों में देखा जा सकता है।
तारकुंडे समिति की सिफारिशें-
वयस्क मताधिकार की आयु को 21 वर्ष से घटाकर 18 वर्ष करना। इसे संविधान के 61 वें संशोधन द्वारा मूर्त स्वरूप प्रदान किया गया।
निर्वाचन के लिये अधिकतम व्यय योग्य राशि का निर्धारण करना।
राजनीतिक दल अपने उम्मीदवारों के चुनाव व्यय का लेखा-जोखा निर्वाचन आयोग के सामने प्रस्तुत करें।
चुनाव प्रत्याशी एक निश्चित नामांकन राशि जमा करें।
किंतु इस सिफारिश में बूथ कैप्चरिंग तथा बोगस वोटिंग जैसी समस्याओं का समाधान नहीं किया गया। इसी संदर्भ में दिनेश गोस्वामी समिति गठित की गई।
दिनेश गोस्वामी समिति की सिफारिशें-
अवैध रूप से लूटे गए बूथों पर फिर से मतदान की व्यवस्था हो।
मतदान के लिये इलेक्ट्रॉनिक वोटिंग मशीन का प्रयोग किया जाए।
बोगस मतदान की समस्या से बचने के लिये मतदाता ना गुप्त समिति का गठन किया गया।
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Негізгі бет भारत में चुनाव सुधार 1950 से 2024 तक का सफर। प्रमुख समितियाँ। संविधान संशोधन। चुनाव आयोग
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