Biology New Book | Chapter #4 | Bioenergetics
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#Chapter4 : #Bioenergetics
Introduction:
All living things and cells carry out numerous activities e.g. they
generally assemble macromolecules from raw materials, waste products
are produced and excreted, genetic instructions flow from the nucleus to
cytoplasm, vesicles to Golgi bodies and then to plasma membrane; ions are
pumped across the membranes etc. For these activities, a cell needs
energy. The energy is used as fuel for life, this energy is derived from light
energy which is trapped by plant and converted into energy rich
compounds like #ATP, NADPH₂ and FADH2 which then stored in food
molecules like carbohydrate and lipids. Other organisms, which do not
have the ability to trap light energy and its conversion, obtain their energy
by eating plants or by eating those organisms which eat plants.
Capturing and conversion of this energy from one form to another in the living system and its utilization in metabolic activities is called Bioenergetics. In other
words, bioenergetics is the quantitative study of energy relationships and
conversion into biological system. This biological energy transformations
obeys the laws of thermodynamics.
The whole biological energy transformation contains, formation and
utilization of energy rich molecule ATP. Plant trap light energy and utilize it
in the formation of ATP. In living organisms some organic molecules
oxidise to produce energy, some of this energy is used to produce ATP.
This process of ATP formation from #ADP and phosphate is called
phosphorylation. There are three types of #phosphorylation found is living
organisms.
(i) #Photophosphorylation
The type of ATP formation which utilize
energy of light (photon). It occurs in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast.
ADP+ Pi + Energy of light--- ATP
(ii) #Oxidative-Phosphorylation
Type of phosphorylation where ATP
is formed by using energy of oxidation, produce during metabolic reactions
in cell. It occurs in cristae of mitochondria.
ADP + Pi + Energy of oxidation ----- ATP
(iii) #Substrate-level-phosphorylation
Type of phosphorylation where one substrate provides phosphate and energy to another substrate.
Under cellular condition ATP formation requires #7.3-Kcal/mole energy, whereas Pi means, phosphate from inorganic source (molecule) like H3PO4.
For ATP formation living organisms has two processes i.e., photosynthesis and respiration.
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