Stefan Zweig, born November 28, 1881 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary; died February 23, 1942 in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, was an Austrian writer, translator and pacifist. Stefan Samuel Zweig was a son of the wealthy Jewish textile entrepreneur Mori(t)z Zweig (1845-1926) and his wife Ida Brettauer (1854-1938). He was born in Vienna in his parents' upper middle-class apartment at Schottenring 14 and grew up with his brother Alfred at Concordiaplatz 1, and later at Rathausstrasse 17 in the city center. He passed his high school diploma in 1899 at the Wasagasse high school in Vienna. Zweig lived a middle-class lifestyle and traveled extensively. On the advice of Walther Rathenau, he visited British India (with Calcutta, Benares, Gwalior, Rangoon in Burma) and British Ceylon for five months in November 1908 and America in February 1911. In 1917 he was first given leave of absence from military service and later released entirely. After the end of the war, Zweig returned to Austria. Coincidentally, he arrived on March 24, 1919, the same day that the last Austrian emperor, Charles I, left for exile in Switzerland. In 1928 Stefan Zweig traveled to the Soviet Union, where his books were published in Russian at the instigation of Maxim Gorki, with whom he corresponded. On February 18, 1934, four police officers searched the house of the declared pacifist Stefan Zweig; two days later he got on the train and emigrated to London. His marriage to Friderike Zweig, from whom he lived partially separated after his escape from Salzburg in 1934, ended in divorce in London in November 1938. Before the start of the Second World War, Stefan Zweig applied for British citizenship. With his British passport he finally traveled to Brazil via New York, Argentina and Paraguay in 1940; a country that had once given him a triumphant welcome and for which he had a permanent entry permit. On the night of February 22nd to 23rd, 1942, Stefan Zweig took his own life with an overdose of Veronal in Petrópolis in the mountains about 50 kilometers northeast of Rio de Janeiro. In his farewell letter, Zweig wrote that he would leave his life “of his own free will and with a clear mind.” The destruction of his “spiritual homeland of Europe” had uprooted him for his feeling that his strength had been “exhausted by the long years of homeless wandering.”
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