Best medical/nursing lecture explaining
notes
Description
1. Breast cancer is classified as invasive when it penetrates
the tissue surrounding the mammary duct
and grows in an irregular pattern.
2. Metastasis occurs via lymph nodes.
3. Common sites of metastasis are the bone and
lungs; metastasis may also occur to the brain
and liver.
4. Diagnosis is made by breast biopsy through a
needle aspiration or by surgical removal of the
tumor with microscopic examination for malignant
cells
B. Risk factors
1. Age
2. Family history of breast cancer due to genetic
predisposition
3. Early menarche and late menopause
4. Previous cancer of the breast, uterus, or ovaries
5. Nulliparity, late first birth
6. Obesity
7. High-dose radiation exposure to chest
C. Assessment
1. Mass felt during BSE (usually felt in the upper
outer quadrant, beneath the nipple, or in axilla)
2. Presence of the lesion on mammography
3. A fixed, irregular nonencapsulated mass; typically
painless except in the late stages
4. Asymmetry
5. Bloody or clear nipple discharge
6. Nipple retraction or elevation
7. Skin dimpling, retraction, or ulceration
8. Skin edema or peau d’orange skin
9. Axillary lymphadenopathy
10. Lymphedema of the affected arm
11. Symptoms of bone or lung metastasis in
late stage
Surgical Breast Procedures
Lumpectomy
▪ Tumor is excised and removed.
▪ Lymph node dissection may also be performed.
Simple Mastectomy
▪ Breast tissue and the nipple are removed.
▪ Lymph nodes are usually left intact.
Modified Radical Mastectomy
▪ Breast tissue, nipple, and lymph nodes are removed.
▪ Muscles are left intact.
Client Instructions Following Mastectomy
Avoid overuse of the arm during the first few months.
To prevent lymphedema, keep the affected arm elevated; consultation
with lymphedema specialist may be prescribed.
Provide incision care with an emollient as prescribed, to soften
and prevent wound contracture.
Encourage use of support groups.
Encourage the client to perform breast self-examination on the
remaining breast and surgical site once healed.
Protect the affected hand and arm.
Avoid strong sunlight on the affected arm.
Do not let the affected arm hang dependent.
Do not carry a pocketbook or anything heavy over the affected
arm.
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Негізгі бет Breast Cancer in Hindi | स्तन कैंसर | Symptoms of Breast Cancer | Medical & Nursing Management |
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