How does a Scottish Clan Sept form? There are many reasons over the centuries why such alliances happened. In most legitimate cases, it was a matter of practicality (resources, mutual protection, etc.). However in the 19th century, there was an enthusiastic expansion of the Clans as more and more people wanted in on the allure of Highland culture and ancestry. This resulted in some names being more or less arbitrarily added to the Clan rolls as septs.
The word "clan" comes from the Gaelic word 'clann' which roughly means "children of so-and-so". However, it is very expansive and does not simply refer to lineal descent from a common ancestor of the chiefly house. If this were so, clans would be tiny.
Clans mainly grew through the proffered loyalty of native men who accepted the authority of the local dominant family. And this expansion is where "Septs' came in. These dependent families had only a loose association with the Clan, or the chiefly family of the clan. For a wide variety of reasons, they allied themselves under the clan chief, taking him as their leader and protector.
Today, the office of Lord Lyon considers a clan to be a community that is distinguished by heraldry and recognized by the Sovereign of Scotland.
This essentially makes the chiefly family a "noble incorporation" since the arms they bear are granted, or otherwise recognized, by the Lord Lyon as an officer of the Crown. In other word, they are a form of noble because King or Queen says they are. This recognition extends loosely to the entire clan, though members not of the chiefly family are not noble. Clans with recognized chiefs are thus considered a "noble community" under Scots law.
A group without a recognized chief has no official standing under Scottish law. Clans may have lists of Septs; surnames, families or smaller clans that historically, currently or for whatever reason the chief chooses, are associated with said clan.
Despite what many think, there is no governmental list of clan septs. The decision of who is a sept of a clan rests solely with the clan membership and their chief (assuming they have one).
Sept names can be shared by more than one clan. So it is up to the individual to use their genealogy, family history and geography to determine the correct clan association.
So under what circumstances would s Sept want to separate form the "parent" clan? We are unsure of any strong reasons to want to do so apart from the leadership of the clan being somehow incredibly odious. In most cases, tis sort of desire comes from a sense of disassociation. Perhaps some dissatisfaction with how the local Clan Society manages its affairs in the Diaspora. The topic seems to be entirely North American - not something discussed in Scotland.
When has a sept ever left a Scottish clan to form a new clan? As of this writing, we don't have any easy examples at hand, so we invite comment! Historically, it seems that clan separations would have been more a matter of families roughly equal in power ending an alliance over a territorial dispute or something similar.
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