"Cesarean Section - Why It Is Done
Some cesarean deliveries are planned ahead of time. Others are done when a quick delivery is needed to ensure the mother's and infant's well-being.
Planned cesarean
Some cesarean sections are planned when a known medical problem would make labor dangerous for the mother or baby. Medical reasons for a planned cesarean may include:
A fetus in any position that is not head-down (including breech position).
Decreased blood supply to the placenta before birth, which may lead to a small baby.
Estimated fetal size of over 9 lb (4.1 kg) to 10 lb (4.5 kg) or more.
A maternal disease or condition that may be made worse by the stress of labor. One example is heart disease.
A known health problem with the baby, such as spina bifida.
A placenta that is blocking the cervix (placenta previa).
Open sores from active genital herpes near the due date, which can be passed to the fetus during vaginal delivery.
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which can be passed to the fetus during vaginal delivery.
Multiple pregnancy. The direction and size of the incision depends on the position of the fetuses. In particular, cesarean delivery may be needed for multiple births involving:
Twins that share one amniotic sac (monoamniotic twins), because of the risk that the cords will get tangled.
Three fetuses or more.
Twins that are joined by any part of the body (conjoined).
An overstretched uterus that cannot contract adequately during labor (uterine inertia), making labor prolonged and difficult.
Poorly positioned or large fetuses.
Many cesarean deliveries are planned ahead of time for women who have had a cesarean in the past. Medical reasons for a planned repeat cesarean may include:
A current problem that has led to difficult labor and cesarean before, such as a narrow pelvis and a large fetus (cephalopelvic disproportion).
Factors that increase the risk of uterine rupture during labor, such as having a vertical scar, triplets or more, or a very large fetus thought to weigh 9 lb (4.1 kg)to 10 lb (4.5 kg) or more.
No access to constant medical supervision by a cesarean-trained doctor during active labor, or no available facilities for an emergency cesarean.
Some women request to have a C-section even though there is no medical need for it. Experts don't agree on whether C-sections should be done when there is no medical reason. Most mothers and babies do well after C-section. But it's major surgery, and major surgery has some risks.
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