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*Classification and Metabolism of Lipoproteins*
*Introduction*
- Lipoproteins are complex molecules composed of lipids and proteins that transport lipids throughout the body.
- They play crucial roles in lipid metabolism, cellular function, and overall health.
*Classification of Lipoproteins*
- *Chylomicrons*
- Largest and least dense lipoproteins.
- Transport dietary triglycerides from the intestine to peripheral tissues.
- *Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)*
- Produced in the liver.
- Transport endogenous triglycerides synthesized in the liver to peripheral tissues.
- *Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)*
- Derived from VLDL metabolism.
- Mainly carry cholesterol to peripheral tissues.
- *High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)*
- Synthesized in the liver and intestine.
- Involved in reverse cholesterol transport, moving cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
*Metabolism of Lipoproteins*
- *Chylomicron Metabolism*
- Secreted by enterocytes into lymphatic vessels, then enter the bloodstream.
- Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) on endothelial cells hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol for uptake by tissues.
- Remnants are cleared by the liver.
- *VLDL Metabolism*
- Produced in the liver and secreted into the bloodstream.
- Similar to chylomicron metabolism but with additional conversion to LDL.
- *LDL Metabolism*
- LDL particles bind to LDL receptors on cell surfaces for cellular uptake.
- Excess LDL contributes to atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in arteries.
- *HDL Metabolism*
- HDL particles acquire cholesterol from peripheral tissues via ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCA1).
- Cholesterol is esterified by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT).
- Mature HDL returns cholesterol to the liver for excretion in bile or steroid hormone synthesis.
*Regulation of Lipoprotein Metabolism*
- *Hormonal Regulation*
- Insulin promotes lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis, thus influencing lipid levels.
- Glucagon stimulates lipolysis and enhances the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.
- *Genetic Factors*
- Genetic variations can influence lipoprotein levels and metabolism, contributing to dyslipidemias and cardiovascular risk.
- *Diet and Lifestyle*
- Dietary intake of saturated fats and cholesterol can influence lipoprotein levels.
- Regular exercise can increase HDL levels and improve lipid profiles.
*Clinical Significance*
- Dyslipidemias, characterized by abnormal levels of lipoproteins, are significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
- Elevated LDL cholesterol ("bad cholesterol") and reduced HDL cholesterol ("good cholesterol") are associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
- Treatment strategies for dyslipidemias include lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise), lipid-lowering medications (statins, fibrates), and, in severe cases, lipid apheresis or surgery.
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Негізгі бет Chapter- 6 | Lipids - Classification & Metabolism Of lipoprotein (Part- 6) - Hindi
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