The Crusades were a series of religious wars that took place during the Middle Ages, primarily in the 11th to the 13th centuries. These wars were fought between Christian knights from Europe and Muslim forces in the Middle East, particularly in the Holy Land, which is a region that holds significance for Christians, Muslims, and Jews. The Crusades were organized by western European Christians in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion. Their objectives were to:
Check the spread of Islam.
Retake control of the Holy Land in the eastern Mediterranean.
Conquer pagan areas.
Recapture formerly Christian territories. The Crusades were seen by many of their participants as a means of redemption and expiation for sins.
Approximately two-thirds of the ancient Christian world had been conquered by Muslims by the end of the 11th century, including important regions such as Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia. The Crusades initially enjoyed success, founding a Christian state in Palestine and Syria, but the continued growth of Islamic states ultimately reversed those gains. By the 14th century, the Ottoman Turks had established themselves in the Balkans, and the Crusades continued for several centuries after 1291. However, crusading declined rapidly during the 16th century with the advent of the Protestant Reformation and the decline of papal authority.
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