## The Five Kingdom Scheme
### Introduction
The five kingdom classification system, proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969, revolutionized the way we categorize living organisms. It was a significant improvement over the earlier two-kingdom system (Plantae and Animalia) as it took into account various factors like cell structure, mode of nutrition, body organization, and reproduction.
### The Five Kingdoms
1. **Monera:** ( by Copland)
* Unicellular prokaryotic organisms (lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).
* Examples: Bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
2. **Protista:** ( by E. Haeckle)
* Primarily unicellular eukaryotic organisms (have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).
* Diverse group, including amoeba, diatoms, and some algae.
3. **Fungi:** ( by R.H. व्हटेकर)
* Eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of chitin.
* Heterotrophic (obtain food from organic sources).
* Examples: mushrooms, molds, yeasts.
4. **Plantae:** ( c. Leniaus)
* Multicellular eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.
* Autotrophic (produce their own food through photosynthesis).
* Examples: mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms.
5. **Animalia:** ( Aristotle)
* Multicellular eukaryotic organisms without cell walls.
* Heterotrophic (obtain food by consuming other organisms).
* Examples: sponges, worms, insects, mammals.
### Basis of Classification
Whittaker's classification was based on several key characteristics:
* **Cell structure:** Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic.
* **Body organization:** Unicellular vs. multicellular.
* **Mode of nutrition:** Autotrophic (plants) vs. heterotrophic (animals, fungi) vs. other (protists, monera).
* **Reproduction:** Sexual vs. asexual.
* **Phylogenetic relationships:** Evolutionary relationships between organisms.
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