গৰু পালনেৰে সাবলম্বি, Cow Farming All Detailed information, Cow Farming Assam
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Housing Management
Among good farming practices, attention to the housing of dairy cattle is important. This is essential to ensure safe and quality milk from healthy animals kept under acceptable conditions, buffering the animals from adverse weather conditions. Care should be taken to provide comfortable spacing, hygiene, durable housing, and arrangements for hygienic milking. Types of Housing Dairy cattle may be housed under a wide variety of conditions, ranging from close confinement to little restrictions except at milking time. However, two types of dairy barns are in general use: the loose housing barn in combination with some type of milking barn or parlor and the conventional dairy shed.
Feeding Practices
A scientific feeding pattern will ensure adequate nutrition and consequently proper growth of the dairy animal. Its diet must
comprise approximately 60-70% of green fodder, 20-30% of dry fodder and 5-10% of concentrate/supplementary feed. The diet
should provide about 16-20% of Crude Protein (CP) and 65% of Crude Fibre (CF). Additional concentrate/supplementary feeding must be provided to pregnant and lactating animals.
Health Management
Devastating livestock diseases are endemic in many parts of the world including India, and threats from old and new pathogens
continue to emerge due to climate change, agricultural practices and demographic conditions that favour the spread of
arthropod-borne diseases to new geographical areas. This has
led to national and international trade embargoes. Farmers should be able to identify sick animals and isolate
them. Some of the common signs of illness include weakness, loneliness, lagging behind in the flock, reduced feed and
water consumption, etc. Vaccination and deworming are the best options to ensure healthy dairy animals. Hygienic living
conditions around the farm are also necessary to keep animals free from infestation by external parasites
Calf Management
• Immediately after birth, though the cow licks the calf
clean, the extra mucous or phlegm from the calf’s nose
and mouth can be removed to stimulate breathing and
circulation. If cold, keep the calf warm by rubbing and
drying the calf with a dry cloth or gunny bag.
• Tie the calf’s umbilical cord about 3-5 cm away from its
body. Make an incision 1 cm below the ligature and apply
tincture of iodine to avoid infection.
• The calf should be fed the cow’s colostrum (the milk
produced 4-5 days after calving) within 30 minutes to two
hours of birth. If the calf isn’t getting enough colostrum
and later milk, pooled colostrum or milk from other cows
can be used. Artificial colostrum can also be procured from
markets. However, artificial colostrum can also be prepared
using an egg, half liter of fresh warm water, half liter of
whole milk, a teaspoon of castor oil and similar amount of
cod liver oil.
• Disbudding to remove horn buds should be done 10-15
days after birth with red hot iron or caustic potash stick or
by electrical method.
• Start the calf on starter/good quality grain when two weeks
old; fresh water should be given from the age of 2-3 weeks.
• Calves should be fed whole milk/milk replacer at least up to
2 months.
Artificial Insemination: Better Semen for Better Calves
Artificial insemination (AI) is the deposition of semen into the female genital tract by means of instruments. The germplasm of
bulls of superior quality can be utilized. AI reduces both genital and non-genital diseases in the farm stock. Non-descript cattle in the semi-arid tropics can be upgraded using exotic/crossbred
bulls’ semen, which would help in increasing milk production and farmers’ income.
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