Literally the best lecture on semiconductors I've ever seen.
@EngAlperDemir
9 жыл бұрын
Afrotechmods Yeah, I like your channel too, Please make more vids :-).
@EEVblog
9 жыл бұрын
Afrotechmods Thanks! I'm sure there are much better technical explanations out there though.
@JustinAlexanderBell
9 жыл бұрын
EEVblog Do you plan to do a video on IGBTs?
@EEVblog
9 жыл бұрын
Justin Bell Perhaps, if I do another video on the differences between enhancement & depletion mode MOSFET's and JFET, then I guess I might as well include IGBT's.
@farfisa5
4 жыл бұрын
Agreed. I need more information that, "here's this and here's how you use it." I want to know why it works. This is the perfect deep-dive.
@jeffseward219
9 жыл бұрын
I used to work at IBM making microprocessors. When you described the MOSFET gate operation, I was reminded of how much time our engineers spent perfecting the gate oxide layer. There were 40 PHD level engineers working full time on gate oxide quality. Good oxide equals faster speed. The more expensive fast CPU processor is identical to the cheaper CPU except for the quality of the gate oxide.
@charlesclements4350
4 жыл бұрын
Now that you mentioned it, Jeff, just how are those things built? Did any of you make a video of what goes on in a plant where those things are made?
@tbled52
4 жыл бұрын
@@charlesclements4350 there are a few vid out there. the most interesting is those using a high magnification microscope to look at processor circuitry.
@charlesclements4350
4 жыл бұрын
Wow ! Thanks, tbled52, I'll keep my eyes open for them.
@axalate4572
4 жыл бұрын
Respect
@johnjacobjinglehimerschmid3555
4 жыл бұрын
@@charlesclements4350 It's an awesome process. I worked at a company called Atmel that made alot of ASIC parts then mostly EEPROMS and 8bit MCU's along with a host of other stuff. I was the lead operator for the strip process cleaning the silicon in preparation for the next step. The inspection post cleaning was to me the most amazing. Watching the layers build up. Did quite a bit of inspect during the metal layers as well .... DId get to use a Scanning Electron Microscope ( when I became an Eng. Tech ) that was the best. Also got, at various times, to get cross section views when trying to determine what / where contamination was located.
@dogastus
9 жыл бұрын
The clearest explanation of how transistors work I have ever seen. Thanks Dave!
@EEVblog
9 жыл бұрын
dogastus Thanks, glad it was understandable for you.
@amahashadow
9 жыл бұрын
Agreed, and I did 2 years of micro-electronics specialization, and spent countless hours making diodes and transistors and logic gate in the lab
@mediocrefunkybeat
9 жыл бұрын
dogastus Entirely agreed. This is fantastic.
@foxyrollouts
6 жыл бұрын
good job
@TrentMRobertson
7 жыл бұрын
I learned more in this 23 minute video than I did during an entire semester of my semiconductors course in college. Well done!
@Neverforget71324
15 күн бұрын
You explained in 10 minutes what took a whole semester in college... and I actually understand it better. Well done.
@turtleturtles4919
5 жыл бұрын
I've just started studying electrical engineering and I don't get the textbook and I never understand anything on the lectures, so each time i have a test or a laboration I just look at your videos and suddenly I'm the *smartest* one in the room, despite knowing nothing and feeling devastated just hours before. You've literally saved me from failing and even helped me get better grades than I thought was possible. You are the best teacher and I wish the best for you.
@zacharymccoy9262
Жыл бұрын
Have you finished your degree?
@julienc.4916
9 жыл бұрын
Thanks a lot Dave for your work and your time! I deeply respect people like you who take their time to spread their knowledge free. Of course, some "Iknoweverythingandimbetterthanyou" people will criticize your work, but what you do is popularization of electronic sciences (and you never claimed it to be anything else, and... no one's perfect). So thank you again! BTW, if i may, you should do also a thursday, wednesday or whatever day lesson, where you present and explain, in a 5 minutes format, week after week, a simple electronic circuit function: example like limiter current system, protection system, etc... but kind of circuit that you build with less than 10 basic components (resistor, transistor, capacitor, diode, even AOP in the most extreme case), not the one that you build round with a specialized IC.
@Momentvm
9 жыл бұрын
+EEVBlog, that's the best explanation ever, textbook authors should learn how to do this from this one! Massive thumbs-up! Thx!
@ESPPsycho
9 жыл бұрын
Nice!! These are my favorite videos of yours. You did one similar with op amps. I absolutely love these. They are the reason I subscribe. Thanks so much!
@gamingSlasher
9 жыл бұрын
Very good presentation. The only difficult thing was the explanation of the current amplifying physics. That was unclear. The mosfet was very clear.
@EEVblog
9 жыл бұрын
gamingSlasher Ah, yeah, could have made that better. Basically, small number of holes enter from the base, huge number of free electrons get moved up from the emitter due to the collector voltage, and only some of those electrons match up with holes to exit the base. the rest go up to the collector. Hence small base current, large collector current.
@Homeaudioacademy
9 жыл бұрын
Thanks for taking the time to make this video. I have learned something new today and you're responsible for that.
@CalcProgrammer1
9 жыл бұрын
Awesome video. You explained this better in 20 minutes than my EE professor did in multiple weeks worth of classes. I think university professors need to lay off the math and explain things like this. When they just want to jump into calculations and numbers they fail to explain the greater picture like you do here.
@chrono0097
6 жыл бұрын
I think they might first explain it like dave and then go to the maths.
@l3p3
6 жыл бұрын
This is very exact problem I have in my studies.
@adelinesarkissian8161
4 жыл бұрын
Omg YES! Also try having professors who barely speak English.
@EcocleanPools
5 жыл бұрын
Best lesson on semi-conductors I've experienced online or in class. Thanks EEVlog!
@MrDoneboy
4 жыл бұрын
Yeah! It seems like they want you to know all of the math, instead of practical theory, and applications.
@AmadonFaul
8 жыл бұрын
This was awesome. Thank you very much! I had that "Ah-Ha!" moment here where it all clicked.
@martinkuliza
2 жыл бұрын
you had an A-Ha Moment and you decided to TAKE HIM ON huh ? LOL
@thekaiser4333
9 жыл бұрын
Moore's law is nonsense. I put a transistor into my drawer 10 years ago and it did not become smaller at all.
@sayur54321
9 жыл бұрын
The Kaiser Hahaha. You are hilarious.
@sayur54321
9 жыл бұрын
The Kaiser Hahaha. You are hilarious.
@martinda7446
9 жыл бұрын
The Kaiser I remember putting a transistor in a drawer 10 years ago. I just went to look and I had 32 transistors, just what I expected.
@thekaiser4333
9 жыл бұрын
mart fart It is about getting smaller, NOT more and I bet you left 2 transistors of opposite sex in the drawer, so that was to be expected.
@wbeaty
8 жыл бұрын
+The Kaiser mine became mosfets, as expected. Measure emitter-base, and its open in both directions.
@tostiheld
9 жыл бұрын
i made a whole project about bjt's and mosfets in middle school. learned more by watching this video than when i did that project. well done lol
@J.Amaral
Жыл бұрын
I would LOVE to see a nice video about how to drive MOSFETS and BJT, including high currents, and inductive loads with "soft off" AWESOME video!!! Learned a lot! Thanks!
@thdotaku
4 жыл бұрын
Frankly, there is no better lecture on the interent, almost none goes this deep to explain how the elctrons and holes work, after searching for a week to understand it and reading books this one is the best.
@zacharymccoy9262
Жыл бұрын
I love how you specifically distinguish conventional current and electron flow. Fabulous!
@DolganoFF
9 жыл бұрын
This extra electron appearing in doped matrix was brilliantly explained. I've never seen it done graphically, it still makes sens without the picture, but this way it is really easy to understand and remember.
@MrDoneboy
4 жыл бұрын
You explained it way better than my Iranian instructor(No Bias), back in the day, Dave. Many thanks!
@suaspont
9 жыл бұрын
I have worked in electronics, both as a career and as a hobby for more than 40 years. Even after reading several articles and books about how transistors work (remember the old RCA transistor manual?), I never really understood it as clearly as your explanation here. Thanks.
@waicool20
9 жыл бұрын
5:29 Having the same amount of protons and neutrons does not make it have a neutral charge! Neutrons are neutrally charged so they cannot balance the positively charged protons! Was shouting at the screen lol EEVblog
@EEVblog
9 жыл бұрын
waicool20 Doh, did I really say that? - Yup, I did! Fixed in annotation, thanks. I shouldn't have put the neutron count in the middle, that's a tad confusing.
@E1nherj
9 жыл бұрын
Never commented on your videos before but I've been watching this channel for over a year so I thought I'd write one now: EEVblog is full of great insights into electrical engineering, and Fundamentals Friday is my favourite segment. From and inspired by it I have learned a lot of electronics basics. I wish my teachers would've been as inspiring as you are. Maybe I would have gotten into electronics earlier. Electronics for me have turned from a hobby into a job and I'm loving every moment of it. Keep making these videos. You rock! Sincerely, Panu
@ChipGuy
9 жыл бұрын
That is a very clear explaination. And the time you needed is not much at all. Had the same stuff at school decades ago but it took the teacher 1.5 full hours to explain. Well done.
@raccoonnyc
9 жыл бұрын
This video should be required viewing in all basic electronic courses. Very well done, Dave.
@iconoclad
6 жыл бұрын
When I trained with the P.M.G. in the sixties we were taught that the old conventions were wrong, that current flowed from -ve to +ve and that electron flow was the new future in electronics. Easily understood and remembered when you study the operation of a vacuum tube amplifier. At the same time, Cycles per Second (CPS) was being dispensed with and replaced with Hz (in honour of Hertz). Voltage was to be represented by E (for electromotive force) in lieu of V. So, I = E / R. Out with the old and in with the new. Hole movement was theorectical, the electrons moved into the holes leaving holes behind them. In a theatre, there's an empty seat (hole) at the far end of the row. Instead of the new patron (electron) stumbing all the way down the row, it's easier for everyone in the row to move to an adjacent seat. The empty seat (hole) effectively moves to the other end of the row but it's really the patrons (electrons) that are moving. Without a discussion of manufacture and the actual fusing together of the PN layers in an oven, there is no clear understanding here of how the depletion layer forms. These aren't pieces of silicon that are just placed next to each other, they are FUSED. The depletion layer creates an actual potential difference that must be overcome by external forces before current can begin to flow. When and why did the electronics industry revert from the NEW sixties conventions and decide to fall back to confusing ancient conventional current flow and also, bring back "V"?
@Richybomb
9 жыл бұрын
Yr 12 physics exam on monday, one section is transistors. You couldn't have timed this better
@gonzaloluna1989
8 жыл бұрын
just by you lightly mentioning the ACTUAL flow of electrons, you have started a great avalanche of debate about this issue. Good stuff.
@TheCheesyProductions
9 жыл бұрын
Just want to point out that the doping on the collector side is light, not heavy. Normally, the doping level is as such: Emitter >> Base > Collector. This is so that when in reverse bias, there won't be a large current flow. If you make a symmetrical BJT, then forward and reverse bias will cause same current flow magnitude.
@tommessina5973
7 жыл бұрын
Great review of stuff I began to learn over 50 years ago as a naive young-ling. But I still love to review it and imagine all of the little particles in there doing my bidding within my amplifiers...
@timello
9 жыл бұрын
Awesome dive into into the physical world of transistors!
@dbp97337
9 жыл бұрын
Thumbs up Dave, just like the lectures I went through at University.
@rjhall351
7 жыл бұрын
Finally someone who speaks clear English and knows what they are talking about.
@adcock3764
4 жыл бұрын
I have been looking for something like this. Most videos explain at the circuit level but not at the physics level. Thanks.
@user-ll1ze8sh2p
3 жыл бұрын
very nice video. I spent hours and hours to try to understand the principle and I felt exhausted and depressed. Your KZitem can make me understand within a hour.!
@Roxor128
9 жыл бұрын
A decent addition to the world's collection of videos explaining how transistors work. Maybe it's just me, but I think the FET is a little easier to understand how it works.
@MrDoneboy
4 жыл бұрын
Dave would make an awesome classroom instructor!
@stonail665
9 жыл бұрын
Yes, I like fundamentals in Dave's way. Clear as mud : )
@barrybogart5436
2 жыл бұрын
Very good explanation. FETs are new since I studied Physical Electronics in the 60's!
@arthurmorgan8966
2 жыл бұрын
If this was taught at my university like this, I would surely be more curious back then when I was younger. We were all about smoking resistors and blowing caps.
@whostolemycrabs
8 жыл бұрын
This is really useful. Even for people who work with this regularly to be able to explain it to other people. Thanks!
@Roflcopter4b
8 жыл бұрын
I think what happens is that the electron moves over, and thus the atom left behind is now genuinely positively charged. Obviously the P type silicon wants to have that extra electron to fill its shell, but technically it is neutrally charged, and the N type wants that extra electron gone from its shell, but is also still neutral. When they meet up and the electrons go from the N type to the P type, they happily fix their she'll situation, but the result is that now you literally have a negative charge on the P type and a positive on the N type. It's almost like the "holes" did move over. Technically of course the situation is fundamentally different, but from an engineering point of view you don't need to care about that, you can just say the two materials swapped roles.
@g.allengordon8195
9 жыл бұрын
THIS is educational!!! When you break things down to their simplest form and begin rebuilding them until you have a component, the principles of electronics really become evident! Tired issues, like which type of capacitor is "best," become rubbish. Does that cap allow the electron to move from one atom to another? More efficiently than another? I spend WAY to much time listening to the information Dave shares!!! Back to the money square, I go!!!
@TheBoss-rk2qr
4 жыл бұрын
You taught me in 20 min what my professor tried to teach me in 2 weeks. Nice Video!
@MrCarburettor
3 жыл бұрын
Absolutely Superb!! Best explanation I've seen. Moreover Australian accent made it just PERFECT!! Thank you mate!!
@Zmantime
2 жыл бұрын
!!!!!! Thank You !!!!! For Bridging the gap on a 20 year mystery
@hamidalimohammadi7255
9 жыл бұрын
Very well simplified and explained the solid-state-physics things less than 24 min. Well done!
@brianbloom264
9 жыл бұрын
definitely interested in more vids about how semiconductor devices work! I've been having a little trouble fully grasping how they work, but your detailed descriptions with visual aids definitely clarify things nicely.
@jeromepatoux9719
4 жыл бұрын
Fantastic video, with probably the clearest explanation I have seen so far on this topic. It is something that is actually difficult to teach and you did great!
@shambukarijayanth7120
4 жыл бұрын
The process of understand is what physics does, but our electronics lecturer teaches only math. Been searching these videos for months. Very good work. Better go into classifications and calculations of V,I, etc in another video.
@TheBrightPixel
9 жыл бұрын
Easily the clearest explanation of transistors I've seen. Thanks!
@FlashEF
9 жыл бұрын
Please do a followup video about popular transistor configurations, basic building blocks. Many people struggle with that. I've done several commercial designs and still could use a revision.
@crocellian2972
9 жыл бұрын
Many thanks for another trip back to basic EE stuff. Actually, a bit of physics as well. Excellent.
@NeilRieck
9 жыл бұрын
Dave wisely avoided the confusion surrounding the direction of the arrow. Scientists at Bell Labs incorrectly depicted "conventional flow" (plus to minus) when everyone who has ever worked with vacuum tubes knows that electron flow is from minus to plus.
@Rodderick45
4 жыл бұрын
Hello Dave: I have been watching and learning from many of your videos for the past 10 years and I wanted to take the time out to thank you for the Excellent job of explaining in great detail. I am now retired currently residing as an expatriate with my Philippine born wife in the Philippines. I have 50 years of experience in the field of electronics and electrical almost all phases from power plant, industrial controls, consumer electronics including Tv repair, computer systems and residential and commercial electrical wiring just to mention a few. This experience comes along with vast amount of Technical, Vocational, Military and collegiate education. I would particularly like to mention your video on the TD- 220 Tektronix Digital scope where you were shown reviving one you had found in the mud lol! I happen to have one along with a few others. I decided to pull it out a few days ago for use in troubleshooting a problem to find that the LCD display has gone bad only able to view some traces of letters and figures at high contrast. Well just thought I’d share that with you and let you know you are doing an amazing job. Keep those videos coming.
@Francis-vv9kv
9 жыл бұрын
I've always wanted to know the difference between BJT and Mosfets and this video explains that and even more! Thanks Dave and Keep the great videos coming!
@monkeytrumpet3831
9 жыл бұрын
Fantastic video, BJT's really are such wonderful devices
@dmitrym3757
9 ай бұрын
Your work is a treasure, thank you a lot!
@socketwench
9 жыл бұрын
Is anyone else interested in a Fundamental Friday explaining the different physics involved with vacuum tubes compared to transistors?
@marklowe7431
5 жыл бұрын
One of your best videos Dave. First thing that comes time mind is you should write books but these videos are far more effective.
@redsquirrelftw
9 жыл бұрын
I've always been confused at the difference between the two, this explains it very well.
@paulmuff9883
3 жыл бұрын
Mind-boggling I love the way you explain it makes it a little bit easier for someone like me to try and understand many thanks👍
@tehhamstah
9 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much for this, Dave! I have struggled to understand how transistors really work for years, and you completely cleared it up for me!
@EEVblog
9 жыл бұрын
Hamstah Glad to hear!, thanks.
@pinkdispatcher
8 жыл бұрын
Great, Thanks! I'm stil struggling with the BJT, but I guess I'll just look at it again until I get it.
@adriteixehax
3 жыл бұрын
I've finally understood transistors. Thank you
@mainkordormawblei
6 жыл бұрын
The +ve field of the gate in a mosfet attract the electron(minority charge carrier) in the upper layer of substrate. This electron populated layer become a channel where we cam drive them with a voltage between source and drain.
@etofigh
9 жыл бұрын
Excellent video Dave!! Could you please make a video explaining the manufacturing steps required to produce a transistor/mosfet? For example how do you dope silicon? How are the channels etched? How is the insulating oxide layer created? How are the metal contacts deposited?
@exo-580
8 ай бұрын
Dave knows alot of chemistry wow, well elaborated usefull video indeed,kudos!
@BulletMagnet83
9 жыл бұрын
"Deeptails" is one of my new favourite words ;-) This reminds me a little of my old greybeard colleague getting excited when I ask him about valves, and he proceeds to draw me a mini-lecture on my lab whiteboard :D
@mattb6001
9 жыл бұрын
awesome video! i'm about a month into my circuits 1 course at university and this video is very helpful at helping me understand how transistors work! Hopefully a bit more practice with the calculations and i'll have these things down for the test in 2 weeks.
@frab88
9 жыл бұрын
Nice video Dave! I think it would be nice to illustrate why Mosfet can be connected in parallel without worries while for BJT one should always use ballasting resistors.
@Sevalecan
9 жыл бұрын
Current flow = charge flow flow. Ugh. Other than that, takes me back to my days in chemistry class.
@piratetv1
7 жыл бұрын
my teachers could never explain a transistor this clearly. as a result ive been afraid to design circuits with them because of the PFM (pure f__ing magic) associated with their operation. thank you
@LancePickup
9 жыл бұрын
Thanks Dave for the great video. Not sure if it's been covered or not yet, but like Intel & AMD years ago when clock speeds basically topped out, but they kept naming their CPUs with "virtual" clock speeds representing the effective performance improvements due to other innovations like multi-threading and multi-core, the semiconductor industry has been doing the same for the past several generations. So the 14nm node does not literally have a channel length of 14nm, the transistor performance just behaves as if it did. The really impressive dimension though is the gate oxide thickness, which actually is only a few atoms thick, and controlling this thickness (much less reducing it) is one of the main motivating factors behind going to the FINFET non-planar transistor design for 14nm.
@radiosification
9 жыл бұрын
You upload this video just a few days after my exam in the subject!!
@TSulemanW
4 жыл бұрын
Nicely explaination. in conductor or wire if we give the current one side is positive and another side is negative most oposite in direction
@addisonwilson
9 жыл бұрын
Very good explanation. I actually understand what is going on now!
@ta1lhe755
7 жыл бұрын
And for those who thinks this is the best explanation they have ever seen, I recommend you to read Shockley's original book on the subject "Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors with Applications to Transistor Electronics" or Chenming Hu's "Modern Semiconductor Devices for Integrated Circuits"
@jonw0224
9 жыл бұрын
Fundamental Friday wins again. Thanks, Dave!
@andoverworkshop2589
8 жыл бұрын
This is the best explanation of transistors I have ever heard/read/seen. Only question... When you say the holes/electrons "switch" at a P/N junction. Is it more the case that the electrons just jump across from the N type and fill the hole in the P type material. Effectively blocking the holes. I cant conceive of the holes "moving" An electron shell cant gain an extra hole can it? Thanks Dave :)
@CodyAzlanQuintana
6 жыл бұрын
I wish I could upvote this more than once.
@kkkkkkkk88881
6 жыл бұрын
Man oh man Couldn't have explained it better My hat is off to you :)
@charlesclements4350
4 жыл бұрын
Thank you very much for that wonder explanation. You answered many questions that I was pondering on.
@ginebro1930
4 жыл бұрын
Hi Dave, first thanks for all your awesome videos, not only this one. As a small suggestion, the MOSFET it's easier to understand if the 4th terminal (often not shown) is included and conected to the source terminal, so the electric field is applied to the whole substrate creating the conductive channel
@zombielinkinpark
9 жыл бұрын
interesting, looking more for things like FET,DIAC
@EEVblog
9 жыл бұрын
zombielinkinpark Deliberately didn't want to cover JFET's in this one, just briefest of mentions,
@zombielinkinpark
9 жыл бұрын
EEVblog Oh, i see, can't wait a video about it
@EEVblog
9 жыл бұрын
zombielinkinpark Thought about another video explaining the differences between enhancement & depletion mode mosfet's, JFET etc.
@dumle29
9 жыл бұрын
EEVblog Please do :) This is very interesting. Maybe you could also follow up on the fet, and explain what determines which of the N-doped regions becomes source, and which becomes drain, as well as why the parasitic diode forms.
@EEVblog
9 жыл бұрын
dumle29 I've done the parasitic diode, somewhere...
@FPGA4student
5 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the video, but there is one misunderstanding. 15:50. The depletion region is formed by the negative ions in the p-type/substrate side and the positive ions in the n-type (source) side, not electrons and holes like what you mentioned. The negative ions (acceptors) are created in the p-type/substrate side due to the gain of electrons diffused from n-type, whereas the positive ions (donors) are created in the n-type/source side due to the loss of the electrons which diffuses to the p-type/substrate side. Hope you can add notes there (15:50) to not let people misunderstand this. Thanks.
@jwdewdney6757
9 жыл бұрын
So I have TWO questions: 1. What happens to the characteristic behaviour of the circuit with increased temperature (i.e. does it become more or less efficient or something else?), and 2. What is the nature of either transistor type with aging (after being used for many years - i.e. - what is the mode of failure or problem due to aging?? thanks
@AfdhalAtiffTan
9 жыл бұрын
I need more Fundamental Friday in my feed...
@MrDoneboy
4 жыл бұрын
Dave, you are a great instructor, brother!
@arcpc53
9 жыл бұрын
Thanks Dave, looking forward to more videos like this....total beginner here
@user-qs4go9gi6c
8 жыл бұрын
Congratulations.Thank you for sharing your knowledge with us.Very good English speech,good for non native English speakers .Keep going. Do you plan a video for Depletion type FET transistors?
@kyme32
5 жыл бұрын
hell yeah you explained it better...in fact better as my university professor :))) one of them told us that the nm it the size of the transistor(capsule) not the distance between channels
@meowcula
9 жыл бұрын
well done Dave, agree with the commenters this is the best explained yet
@iulianinfo
9 жыл бұрын
Hi Dave, can you please make another video about transistors (BJT and MOSFET) where you can explain on how to actually correctly read a datasheet? There are so many notations and values and I just don't know where to look to check if the transistor meets my requirements. Thank you!
@wereseldom
5 жыл бұрын
Perfect, unsurpassed explanation, thank you very much indeed
@EngAlperDemir
9 жыл бұрын
I really hope this Fundamentals Friday becomes a more frequent series, and covers subjects of 101 electronics engineering, though I know how busy Dave is... thanks anyway..
@haz2010
8 жыл бұрын
Thank you ...well done.... its helpful and simple to understand .
@frafranildo
6 жыл бұрын
You made it so easy to understand!
@saltytoothpaste
9 жыл бұрын
This was very helpful, but one question remains for me: How exactly is the positive voltage generated at the gate?
@StreuB1
4 жыл бұрын
@@Bob-zg2zf I am left with the same question. Its literally the "Chicken or the Egg" paradox! Its a cascade of switches but what takes the softwares logical 1 and converts it to a physical flow of current!??! Ugh.....I must know!
@juliannicholls
9 жыл бұрын
I now understand about P, N, and how transistors work. Why couldn't anyone else explain it to me this clearly?
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