Loading and unloading a bulk carrier is time-consuming. The process is planned by the ship's chief mate under the direct and continued supervision of ship's captain. International regulations require that the captain and terminal master agree on a detailed plan before operations begin.Deck officers and stevedores oversee the operations.
Double-articulation cranes, which can load at a rate of 1,000 tons per hour, represent a widely used method,[61] and the use of shore-based gantry cranes, reaching 2,000 tons per hour, is growing.[61] A crane's discharge rate is limited by the bucket's capacity (from 6 to 40 tons) and by the speed at which the crane can take a load, deposit it at the terminal and return to take the next. For modern gantry cranes, the total time of the grab-deposit-return cycle is about 50 seconds.
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