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Free Radical Injury -
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Free radical injury refers to cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other free radicals. These unstable molecules are formed during normal metabolic processes and can lead to significant harm to cellular components, contributing to various diseases and aging.
What Are Free Radicals? ⚡️
Definition: Free radicals are atoms or molecules that have unpaired electrons, making them highly reactive. Common examples include superoxide (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (•OH).
Sources:
Endogenous: Naturally produced during cellular respiration, inflammation, and immune responses.
Exogenous: Generated from environmental factors such as pollution, radiation, smoking, and certain chemicals.
Mechanism of Injury 🛠️:
Lipid Peroxidation:
Free radicals attack polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes, leading to the formation of lipid peroxides. This disrupts membrane integrity and function, resulting in cell death.
Protein Damage:
ROS can modify proteins, leading to structural changes, impaired function, and loss of enzyme activity. This can affect cellular signaling pathways and metabolic processes.
DNA Damage:
Free radicals can induce mutations by damaging DNA bases, leading to genomic instability. This damage can result in cancer and other genetic disorders.
Consequences of Free Radical Injury ⚠️:
Cell Death: Damage to cell membranes and organelles can lead to necrosis (uncontrolled cell death) or apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Inflammation: Free radicals can activate inflammatory pathways, leading to chronic inflammation, which is linked to various diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Aging: Accumulation of oxidative damage over time contributes to the aging process and age-related diseases.
Defense Mechanisms 🛡️:
The body has several mechanisms to combat free radical injury:
Antioxidants: Substances such as vitamins C and E, glutathione, and enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase neutralize free radicals.
Repair Mechanisms: Cells have pathways to repair DNA damage and restore protein function.
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Негізгі бет Free Radical Injury: Pathology Hindi Lectures
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