Veliky Novgorod (colloquial: Novgorod; until 1999, the official name was Novgorod) is a city located in the Northwestern Federal District of Russia. The administrative center of the Novgorod Oblast, as well as the Novgorod District, of which it is not a part, having the status of a city of regional significance and forming the urban district of Veliky Novgorod with a single settlement in its composition. City of military glory. Veliky Novgorod is one of the oldest cities in Russia, according to one of the chronicle versions (in the Novgorod First Chronicle) the place where the Varangians were called (traditionally associated with the birth of Russian and Russian statehood) and the first capital of Rus'. In the Middle Ages, it was the second most important center of Kievan Rus after Kyiv, in the 12th-15th centuries it was the capital of the Novgorod Republic until its subordination to the Moscow Principality in 1478, and then the center of the Novgorod land as part of the Russian Tsardom.
The official date of the foundation of Novgorod is considered to be 859, according to the first mention of the city in the late Nikon Chronicle (16th century). In the Tale of Bygone Years, created in the 12th century, the city is first mentioned in 862. However, the chronicles could attribute the existence of the city to this time retrospectively, since reliably dated archaeological layers of Novgorod date back to the time no earlier than the 930s. According to archaeologists, Novgorod appeared around the turn of the 9th-10th centuries or at the beginning of the 10th century at the source of the Volkhov from Ilmen. In the second quarter of the 10th century, the first bridge across the Volkhov was built.
Novgorod Detinets (also Novgorod Kremlin) is a fortress of Veliky Novgorod. Detinets is located on the left bank of the Volkhov River. The first chronicle mention of it dates back to 1044. It is an architectural monument of federal significance, protected by the state. Novgorod Detinets as part of the historical center of Veliky Novgorod is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The northern part of the modern Detinets was once a delta formed by a tributary of the Volkhov with two branches, the territory of which was divided into two sections with an island position. G. M. Shtender assumed that the very first fortress occupied the middle part of the modern Detinets in the sector between the Vladimir and Prechistenskaya towers (that is, the central island).
The replacement of the wooden Detinets with a stone one was completed in the 30s of the 14th century. In 1437, part of the Sofia Belfry collapsed due to a spring flood, but two years later this part of the wall and the bell tower were restored.
A radical reconstruction of the Detinets took place in 1478 under the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III, when Veliky Novgorod became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow (due to the development of artillery, the loopholes of the Detinets were not convenient enough to accommodate firearms). The reconstruction was undertaken with the joint funds of Ivan III and the Novgorod Archbishop Gennady. Construction was completed in 1490. The reconstruction of the Detinets was so significant that it was essentially built anew.
On May 7, 1862, a large section of the wall collapsed towards the Volkhov, a significant part of which had been rebuilt two years earlier. Its emergency condition was first noted in the mid-17th century. The fortress wall was rebuilt from new bricks without any adherence to ancient forms. For the sake of economy, it was made much thinner and with very deep niches. Part of the new wall was occupied by rooms arranged inside the wall for the Treasury Chamber archive.
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Негізгі бет From South to North-1h. Veliky Novgorod. Novgorod Kremlin.
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