Public budgets are structured to provide resources and accountability for a defined period of a fiscal year or biennium. The fiscal year captures all expenditures and revenues reserved within a defined 12-month period. In some states, jurisdictions operate on a 24-month biennium.
Each jurisdiction must have a budget prepared and adopted into law when the official budget year begins. The structure of the public budget process assures this readiness.
The public budgeting process has gradually evolved into a predictable pattern, with a set of characteristics that are common throughout most jurisdictions. The cycle has distinct phases with clear expectations about the work to be done, those responsible for doing it, and a time frame within which the work has to be completed. This cycle possesses some unique characteristics that set the budgeting process apart from almost all other governing activities.
With such a variety of professional backgrounds and process goals, it is not surprising that tensions and misunderstandings arise among the various actors during the budget process. However, because these tensions occur within a deliberately crafted system of separation of powers and checks and balances, some of the resulting conflict is tempered by role expectations.
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