I have been using this method for about 10 years now. The one thing I learned is after I clip the pages together, is to score/file the edge that you plan to glue, with and emery board/nail file or even a file. Doing this gives grip and strength to the pages to the glue and helps prevent pages falling out of the glue
@SJ-dl6uc
10 ай бұрын
underrated tip. needs to get 1000s of likes. this is so important in perfect binding.
@ArnaudMEURET
10 ай бұрын
Help me understand this better, you’re telling to roughen up the edge to bind by sanding it perpendicular to the page plane, correct ?
@SJ-dl6uc
10 ай бұрын
@@ArnaudMEURET yes, by roughening it up, you create more surface area and friction for the glue to stick. and you can saw grooves perpendicular to the spine or slanted towards the spine, after one round of glue is dry. then you can put a cord in the perpendicular/slanted groove, and glue that on top, w an extra round of glue (i usually do 3-4 total glue sessions depending on how thick my text block is). the concept here is create a cross hatch for the joint so it won't pop off. that means using a support material like cloth/rope/cord/wood/backing etc, perpendicular to where there's the break. same goes for reinforcing paper and cardboard. i use the grocery paper bags as disposable trash cans for my art. they bend tho, so i cut the top off and glue the extra vertically on the sides. that gives it structure.
@GoInfluenceyourself
8 ай бұрын
Even better than that is to cut small grooves in the clamped spine with a very thin blade like for coping or a small dovetail saw. Cut grooves about every inch or two, apply glue and then lay upholsters thread in those grooves and let it hang down over each side by 2” or in this case you could just trim it the same length as her red strip so it doesn’t stick out.
@jessquinn6106
8 ай бұрын
@@GoInfluenceyourself Cool idea. Yes that would work too.
@cannedpineapple2702
5 ай бұрын
The notebook companies don't have control over us anymore!!! I'M GOING TO MAKE SO MANY NOTEBOOKS NOW!
@cozycasasmr4510
5 ай бұрын
😂😂
@Ematched
4 ай бұрын
Seriously! I have a bunch of loose Tomoé River, and I’m definitely doing this.
@JimmieHammel
3 ай бұрын
I love this comment more than anything
@avinamerkur1484
3 ай бұрын
but what if its an evil ploy of the clue companies?
@DelusionalMan2
2 ай бұрын
Real brooo
@UD503J
7 ай бұрын
I used to work in a copy shop years ago, and I remember having access to a tape binding machine. It was basically this style of binding, but with a pre-impregnated strip that was thermally activated (so a hot glue gun style adhesive) rather than PVA. I used to download public domain books from Project Gutenberg and make half page books out of them (I'm in the US, so basically 5.5 x 8.5 inch pages). It was a really cool way to DIY a novel before ebook readers became more common. I also used chip board and one of my favorite paper stocks to make pocket notebooks (like a Field Notes, but not saddle stitched.) It was a cool way to use paper trimmed from larger stock that was otherwise too small to print on.
@Qermaq
6 ай бұрын
In my young years I worked in a factory where they laminated paper to cardboard. I operated a guillotine knife cutter, and often due to the size of a job we'd have some big offcut that we knew couldn't be used for any upcoming jobs. Putting the paper on the shelf meant it'd dry up and be useless. So I'd chop them down to a nice size, cut some .032" cardboard to match, and use the glue from the machines and a technique much like this to make note pads for the employees to take home and use. You can tear the pages out if you want, but this method is surprisingly effective at keeping that hard to do.
@stargirl7646
5 ай бұрын
Oh what a lovely idea! I might have to try that with a few of my favorite books
@besthobbit
4 ай бұрын
Hahaha I did similar. Sometimes I miss working in a print shop. ☺
@leandrotami
7 ай бұрын
why do I find comfort watching this even though I have no immediate need for it? there must be something about working with paper that is nice...
@useless_name
4 ай бұрын
Maybe it's ASMR?
@AwosAtis
4 ай бұрын
Wow! I just printed a 200 page (two sided) sewing machine manual. Now I know what my next project is. Thank you!
@jeanduncan111
Жыл бұрын
My 12 year old grandson wrote his autobiography. It is 20 pages (plus some additions)and we were trying to figure out how to bind it! This is so perfect and your instructions are wonderful. They are clear and simple. Thank you!
@rossleavitt8875
10 ай бұрын
That is so lovely. I’m kind of interested as to what made it into his auto at 12!
@ashleydavis3318
6 ай бұрын
That's awesome! I wish I had saved my writings from when I was twelve.
@TheUnofficialMaker
4 ай бұрын
surprised he had 20 pages
@juliajules9407
9 ай бұрын
I absolutely love your video. I hope you come back. I spent at least a year in South Africa and the charming lilt of the SA accent is not lost on me. Have a beautiful holiday !season and I’ll try your tricks for binding 17 Holiday booklets for my seniors’ communities where i sing. Take care, Susan.
@AnnesiBindings
9 ай бұрын
Thanks very much!
@debbieparise9433
9 ай бұрын
A Manila file folder could substitute for the card stock and strip of tape. Folders are usually scored along the fold edge to get more width. Fold as will be needed for the depth of the stack of loose papers. Glue the loose papers as shown here but without the card stock covers. Add glue to the inside of the folder down in the crease, add the glued loose papers and clamp.
@DaleDix
5 ай бұрын
You've missed the whole point of the channel
@labibbidabibbadum
7 ай бұрын
I love this. There must have been, oh, 25,000 moments over the past couple of decades when my limited intellect prevented me from thinking of this myself but it would have been perfect. Thank you. Beautifully presented.
@thiccvicx
8 ай бұрын
I learned this trick doing an internship in a book binding shop. Thanks for mentioning grain, I had forgotten about its significance in this case.
@vyk_15
3 ай бұрын
Thank you for making this video, it’s a very helpful resource. ❤
@lordmikethegreat
3 ай бұрын
This is amazing! I never knew you coild basically bind your own book like a real publisher! Thank you!
@stefanie006
4 ай бұрын
Thank you so much for demonstrating this type of binding!! I'm a full-time graduate student, and I am constantly printing and filing my research papers. Now, I can make my favorites into beautiful books. Also, I greatly appreciate how you've kept the materials simple and affordable!🌟
@inspireira
4 ай бұрын
My grandfather was a journalist and we always had endless stocks of paper around the house, some of the documents or empty journals being binded just like that. I had no clue that they were HAND binded! It makes so much sense, since he loved to DIY everything. Oh, it makes me so nostalgic. Thank you for tutorial 🤍
@nikkireigns
7 ай бұрын
Great video! My grandma recently passed and I’d like to combine her full page recipes. I’ll have to do some practicing first!
@matildarei
5 ай бұрын
Condolences to you and your family. What a sweet way to remember her, with a book of her recipes. 💕
@lordelcorion
2 жыл бұрын
My friends and I recently got into a game that has all its rules online in pdf format, and I was looking for a way to bind them together when I printed them out. This looks like a great solution in terms of cost, time, and simplicity. I don't expect the rulebook to be very big, but if it was, I'd imagine a stitching method might be better in that case. This simple method also seems like it'd work nicely for some other projects I've had in mind.
@chetneetchouhan
2 жыл бұрын
asking out of curiousity, whats name of game?
@MiScusi69
Жыл бұрын
What game is it?
@b7979
Жыл бұрын
@@chetneetchouhan u nosy af😭
@HikariXD
Жыл бұрын
late to the party, but isn't the game you're referring to "keep talking and nobody explodes?"
@BennyPino
Жыл бұрын
Same I'm here because of printing out PDFs that are 20-30 pages for my players of pathfinder roleplaying game using a Canon PIXMA G620 inkwell. Printing on card stock. Fun to spoil your players sometimes. Great video!
@judyhammond3181
11 ай бұрын
Wow, thank you for this clear instruction. I just stumbled on your instruction’s while viewing art videos. I have a set of instructions that I will try this on.
@johnswimcat
3 жыл бұрын
Brilliant! Exactly what I was looking for. Very well explained and demonstrated. Thank you
@obiwanfisher537
7 ай бұрын
Not sure how I ended up here, but this is the sort of thing the girls in my class would spend their afternoons on, while I was still fishing out 8 crumbled of total 12 pages from my backpack and call it a successful number.
@Romanticoutlaw
8 ай бұрын
as someone who has never been able to will myself to write/draw in a non-ring journal for fear of ruining/wasting it but have been able to use ones that other people handmade for me, this is invaluable
@angelacross2216
6 ай бұрын
Thank you.
@sknadzblzac3
2 ай бұрын
this was so helpful and great for beginners like me :D thank you so much!! my final result was pretty good, just a bit worried about the middle pages of my book that look like they may fall out. i added some more glue to these pages that divide a little at their split, but other than that, a simple, fun and efficient way to bind loose pages.
@Valerie-ut2dk
5 ай бұрын
Will use this approach to make myself watercolour journals. thank you.
@TheSuzberry
5 ай бұрын
Thank you for something I can do. I’ll use it soon to bind family memoirs.
@gr8fng
Жыл бұрын
The tip of double fanning pages is really helpful thank you ❤
@meowmiao36
Жыл бұрын
Thank goodness for this, my book arrived just as loose pages covered in plastic wrap, which was not what I was expecting when I ordered a textbook, but 🤷
@islandgirl8604
3 жыл бұрын
Thanks so much. This is great for my homeschooling worksheets.
@michaeldonoghue9015
Жыл бұрын
What is the maximum number of pages you’ve bound using this method?
@annettedoodles
2 жыл бұрын
This is exxactly what I needed. thank you so much! it was also very relaxing to watch
@grahamlyttle
7 ай бұрын
I did this with a printed out ROM Dump of a BBC Microcomputer over 30 years ago and I still have it to this day.
@ovalwingnut
7 ай бұрын
Very COoL. You win the super geek award hands down. I'm N-V-US. Cheers GrahaM
@labibbidabibbadum
7 ай бұрын
Nobody needs to know about your toilet antics here sir!
@jttasb
7 ай бұрын
...but have you written an emulator of it yet? So that, you know, more people can avail themselves to the ol' microcomputer's capabilities?
@stevepoling
7 ай бұрын
Ah yes. But I used huge bull clips, wish I'd known this technique then. Those were the days. They promised us the "paperless office" and we ended up killing forests-worth of trees to capture our zillion-page printouts!
@IrfanAli-qp1gm
6 ай бұрын
Wow thank you , I printed an ebooklet and I will try this.
@katsmith8263
9 ай бұрын
Is it going to hold up for the everyday usage of a sketchbook???
@OutWestRedDirt
4 ай бұрын
Use gorilla glue
@chocksaway100
7 ай бұрын
That method of binding is surprisingly satisfying.
@deborahbrookshier7712
11 ай бұрын
Clever! I appreciate the information.
@CetMM
10 ай бұрын
your video is still sueful 2.5 years later. gonna check out more. thanks.
@munawerkhamkar139
7 ай бұрын
Beautiful. Very well explained.
@qzorn4440
11 ай бұрын
What a wonderful and very relaxing how to Binding video. 🥳 Also, such a sweet voice. 🤗
@robertphillips93
8 ай бұрын
Having bound thousands of books as double fan adhesive binds (most with specialised equipment, but many by hand), I can say this is a thorough and skilled presentation. The importance of grain direction is perhaps understated, since cross-grained papers often produce a waviness along the gutter margin that is unsightly and degrades openability. Same goes for coated (slick magazine) papers. Probably best to leave other attachments near the spine, like staples, out -- as they will interfere with consistent fanning and produce unbalanced stresses after binding. Also, if you're not too steady with the glue brush and want a more stable target than that springy spine, you can roll the clamped stack of pages around a length of thick dowel -- as long as the clamps are far enough away from the spine. Also, for a somewhat sturdier construction or with very heavy paper stocks, the reinforcing spine strip can be augmented by adding a thin layer (paper or cloth) covering the width of the spine only. Simplest way to do this precisely is by including several waste sheets on both sides of the initial fan bind. After drying, the spine can be reglued and a generous strip of paper or cloth attached. After drying, a sharp knife is inserted on top of the last waste sheet before the cover stock. Holding the blade very flat against the book at a mid-angle to the spine cut all the outer waste sheets, glue, and excess reinforcement away -- without any scalloping cuts into the cover stock. After both sides are trimmed this way the remaining sheet of waste paper can be peeled away from each side. Should be very straight and clean, with only a bit of skinning at the edge. Add final colored strip to back and sides. (Unless this is considered a very temporary binding, it's best to avoid tapes and stick to glues here.)
@smileawhile3788
3 жыл бұрын
This was exactly what I needed! Clear, simple, easy to follow instructions with no silly fluff, only useful information. Many thanks for your video! 🙏💞
@lgerback34
8 ай бұрын
Amazing! Love it! Will def try this out.
@whynothanks2047
3 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much for making this video! I was looking for a way to bind regular copy paper, as opposed to the thicker pages typically used in single-sheet binding tutorials. This is the perfect solution for me, can’t thank you enough!
@NicoSmets
Жыл бұрын
Double-fan. Mind blown. I can't unsee this technique now once I have witnessed it. Thank you for sharing.
@graciouscompetentdwarfrabbit
3 жыл бұрын
I'm just waiting for a few more leafs to come loose in some of the older comic books I've inherited from my grandpa, and to get my plough, to finally try this method. Even though this is quite simple and effective, I'm super scared of ruining the few things I have from him.
@AnnesiBindings
3 жыл бұрын
Were they perfect bound (or loose leaves) to start with? Personally, I'd be hesitant to use this method for something that is already in signatures, especially something personally valuable. But I may be misunderstanding you.
@graciouscompetentdwarfrabbit
3 жыл бұрын
@@AnnesiBindings the only ones with loose leaves are perfect bound. All my comics bound in signatures (staple bound) are all perfectly fine. I have a few hundred comics in both bindings, perfect and staple bound, but I've inherited only a handful of them, and some of the perfect bound ones I bought also have many loose leaves, so I'll probably try it in some of them before trying in my grandpa's comics, since they don't have as much emotional value.
@AnnesiBindings
3 жыл бұрын
@@graciouscompetentdwarfrabbit Oh, okay, now I understand! That sounds like a good idea.
@marilynmccormick3731
9 ай бұрын
Thank you. This is very helpful to know. Your instruction was very clear. You were thorough too.
@AnnesiBindings
9 ай бұрын
You're welcome. Thanks for your kind words.
@TasareAlda
8 ай бұрын
This was brilliant. Thank you. I'm a collector of hobbies and crafting and some of my pass times result in tons of loose-leaf material. I get very sad when I lose pages, ripped off of staples or lost out of bundles, but I have never found a satisfactory way to store neatly. Never occurred to me that I could do a simple binding on them. Truly thank you
@joshuamueller3206
8 ай бұрын
Awesome. Is there a limit to the number of pages that can be glued effectively? I have some spinless textbooks I wanted to keep. I had an office supply store spiral bind them, but this tears out very easily.
@Unirobo
Жыл бұрын
This is really helpful thank you!
@oleurgast730
4 ай бұрын
While this method works well, imho the most important matter is the content you want to bind. This way is great for linear reading - novels, presentations, doctor thesis etc. I for myself used hotglue folders to bind a lot of fanfics about 20 years back. However, if the content is more sort of reference material, like technical documentation, this definitly is the wrong way to bind it. For example a documentation of the pinout of different connectors - you want it to lay flat on the table while soldering on your project. Or a documentation of a comuter program - it should stay flat opened, wich does not realy work well on paperbacks. Actually I cut of the glue of some documentation and replaced it with (metal) spiral binding, just for this reason. But of course, nowerdays you get most of this sort of stuff digitally, so you do not bother to bind it at all. You just print the pages to need and throw it away afterwards.
@mikebowers7161
8 ай бұрын
That was so helpful. I always used comb binders but was never happy with the look. This way adds character to filed documents. Thank you very much!
@aussiewattle4299
11 ай бұрын
Excellent. A good clear description. Just what I need to fix my art folder.
@AnnesiBindings
11 ай бұрын
Glad it was helpful!
@jennytaylor3324
11 ай бұрын
This is Utube gold, in my opinion. Many thanks!
@kylawiebe
8 ай бұрын
Very helpful. I have a collection of letters that a friend wrote to me that I will bind in this way. Thanks for the tip!
@weekiwacheepaperco8334
3 жыл бұрын
Your videos are fantastic. So precise and fact based. I am so excited to start binding my artwork into little books. Thanks for sharing your process!
@missmerrily4830
Жыл бұрын
So happy to have stumbled across this video as this looks like a great economical and simple way to bind sheets together. I always have great difficulty with my comb binder in remembering exactly how to do it and waste a great deal of time working out the correct method. But this is so simple, it'd be impossible to forget. I'm going to give it a try right away! Thank you!
@deborah5221
11 ай бұрын
I love this! I could even decorate the binding or label it. Thank you.
@Shemus_Beasken
Жыл бұрын
was thinking of dipping my pages in glue so came to yt for some clairty & found your brilliant vid...quick,straight to point & an easy to do fix..thank you!
@cheriegullerud281
5 ай бұрын
What a wonderful find! I usually put all my music in 3 ring binders or pay to have plastic comb binding. This is so lovely and clean! Thank you for sharing.
@Tonks143
10 ай бұрын
I used to sew a triangle in the top right corner when in university to keep the pages together.
@chrish.8241
11 ай бұрын
Great idea, thank you for sharing. Excuse me for asking, but can you please clarify how 'craft' paper differs from ordinary paper? Thanks
@AnnesiBindings
11 ай бұрын
It's really a fairly strong brown paper or packaging paper, although the terminology may vary in different places.
@chrish.8241
11 ай бұрын
Thank you.@@AnnesiBindings
@localforestdeity
Жыл бұрын
Thank you for this video! I've been planning on making a book of all my d&d notes so this will be very fun to try out with those :)
@regallineage6091
2 жыл бұрын
THIS was exactly what I was looking for in all the binding videos here on KZitem. THANK YOU!
@beth12svist
5 ай бұрын
Thank you very much, this is the perfect way to deal with all the loose pages from my studies, too.
@stephenkasperick-postellon8356
4 ай бұрын
Love that the article you’re binding is about Gregory of Nyssa, Macrina from Annesi Bindings! I see what you did there.
@johnleake5657
11 ай бұрын
A paper on Gregory of Nyssa! How interesting!
@AnnesiBindings
9 ай бұрын
I hope there'll be something by him soon!!
@saltyroe3179
7 ай бұрын
When I took print shop in the 1960s we were taught to "pad" paper. Special clamps were used to hold the paper. Glue was painted on the spine. If the pad was made for tear off the glue was left to dry. More permanent attachment of papers were accomplished by applying backing cloth to the spine. When the paper paper came off the clamp glue was applied and backing cloth bent around the faces
@PatsyJay
4 ай бұрын
YOU should have made a video! There is actual valuable info. here..the one we just watched was elementary and pretty much a waste of time. Appreciate your info re cloth on the spine. Thanx.
@vwood2
2 жыл бұрын
Fantastic solution! Thank you very much. I just discovered your channel, and your tutorials are excellent. Everything is so well demonstrated, and helpful. Yhank you for sharing your expertise with us. 🙏
@SuperLittleTyke
11 ай бұрын
Very good. I've done this kind of binding, but the twist here is to slightly fan the sheets as the glue is applied.
@millieg1526
Жыл бұрын
So simple, love it!!! Thank you!
@adinafine
9 ай бұрын
I really enjoyed your clear and no fluff presentation. Thank you. I have a question bout taking a book that is bound with binding thread and a small section of two attached sheets comes out and I so much want to put them back but don’t want to have the whole book rebound. Any tips?
@lindagagliardo7948
Жыл бұрын
Great clearly explained video. I’m new to bookbinding and found this extremely helpful
@badal9563
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you 🙏🙏🙏
@johnmartin4650
9 ай бұрын
Thank you…….you made it look doable……Happy Christmas to you and yours .
@AnnesiBindings
9 ай бұрын
Thank you, and to you!
@plunder1956
7 ай бұрын
A useful method. I spent over a decade doing artwork, so I will try it. Thanks.
@SoapBoxMediaTV
11 ай бұрын
Nice weight.
@1ucasvb
Ай бұрын
Just bound my first pages following this excellent tutorial. Thank you so much for the extremely clear explanations!
@jsa-z1722
11 ай бұрын
Thank you
@Russty501
Жыл бұрын
Just what I wanted! I was thinking about doing a project that required a lot of printing and personal book making, and I wanted a way to do that without it looking rushed/bad/hacked together. Thank you for the video!
@GiasuddinKhan311
2 жыл бұрын
oh this is perfect! ive been looking for something simple, fast, and easy to follow! this literally helped me out so much and only gave out the basic information you need to do it- thank you soo much you saved my skin by a lot!
@_LoveMeKnot
2 ай бұрын
Will definitely use this method but does anyone know the best way to do this while still being able to add pages to it in the future?
@AnnesiBindings
2 ай бұрын
Glad it was helpful! It will probably be best to do a follow up video to answer your question, which I'll try and do soon.
@_LoveMeKnot
2 ай бұрын
@@AnnesiBindings That would be awesome, thank you.
@chrisbassett8996
6 ай бұрын
Thank you so much for sharing I have been writing my story for my children and was wondering how I was going to bind it, This is perfect. Thanks again.
@DStrormer
3 жыл бұрын
Do you find individual pages loosen over time as articles so bound are referenced? I'm considering this, but I don't want to be repairing constantly.
@robertawalsh2995
Жыл бұрын
It's important to use the right glue. Use a good Ph neutral PVA glue.
@miriamhanna9450
2 жыл бұрын
Very useful thank you 💖
@darthvader4416
3 жыл бұрын
Thanks for this useful video! I did not catch the name or brand of the "strong binding paper" (wubinon?) at 1:46.
@tomburnett7038
Жыл бұрын
This is exactly what I was looking for! Very helpful with a British accent, wot?!😊
@ReginaCreates2
6 ай бұрын
new subscriber. Thanks for this very helpful video!! Great tips 📖 Have an awesome blessed week. Big like 👍 🌹
@MarkLawry
10 ай бұрын
Thanks. I used this to bind some family memoirs. It came out great.
@Spokenfan
2 жыл бұрын
Can this method be used to make a journal of 130 pages? Thank you for sharing 👏 Stay safe healthy and happy 😃✝️🇺🇸
@tubejim101
4 ай бұрын
Thank you for sharing this.
@shawndavis1720
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@jamesmclean5790
4 ай бұрын
Excellent demonstration. I have been buying coil binding for years. This looks more economical.
@dave_ecclectic
11 ай бұрын
I've done the same thing without the binder strip. I saturated the binding with wood glue, and they have held up pretty well. I do like the strip if nothing else than cosmetics. For the outside panel I print my own cover. The title of what is contained. You can include graphics like a picture of some deer or a rose if it is appropriate. For that matter with that strip, you could print the title down the spine too.
@soewithanumber
9 күн бұрын
will this method work for making a text block for hardcover binding? thank you!
@JimmieHammel
3 ай бұрын
Im looking for an inexpensive PVA glue, and the internet says PVA glue is basically Elmer's School glue or wood glue. And they also seem to suggest that mod podge is also PVA glue. Should I buy a specific kind of PVA glue meant for book binding? Or would this project work with mod podge or school glue?
@JAKEWJONES
9 ай бұрын
Holy cow, this explanation was painfully slow and dragged out.
@ramzanaliparvana8804
11 ай бұрын
Problem is that ALL papers warp in an ugly manner... like tiny waves on very still glassy water.... unless I use use EXPENSIVE PAPER THAT IS MEANT TO RESIST WARPING WHEN LIQUID PAINT OR GLUE IS APPLIED!
@labsquadmedia176
5 ай бұрын
If the bottom "cover" is chipboard and you paste along the short edge, you have an art pad with removable pages. I like to make a single pad out of various kinds of paper (watecolor, drawing, bristol board, etc.).
@1011Astrid
11 ай бұрын
👍 Thank you so much for this video! What a simple and easy instruction! ♥
@russholmes77
6 күн бұрын
I followed your video to a tee after watching it 3 times. I measure 3 times cut once, a carpenters rule and the end product is very good for my first time. You are a good teacher, and I followed every step. I bounded about 50 pieces of paper all concerning my family tree. A project Ive been working on and off for about 30 years and finally finished. I used some hard paper from a loose leaf paper as a cover, I was going to try some leather, cut I thought it may not glue up correctly and I would ruin the whole project. Thanks for great advise!
@christinekowal4500
9 ай бұрын
How do I do this with leather? I need to do this but with completely leather! Help me please!
@JamesHill-lj2dy
4 ай бұрын
In the USA your "ring binder" is called a "comb binder" because the spine resembles a hair comb.
@kiritawhai7488
2 жыл бұрын
I love your accent haha, I'm making drafts of childrens workbooks for the kids. I want the drafts in paper as testing (plus kids are rough with books) 😂 This video was very helpfull.
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