@@nihartley5265 awww you got me! As a very amateur pianist, I'm confused.
@Toader21
Жыл бұрын
@@jmack619 he got you jmack
@_.Dylan._
Жыл бұрын
As a has-been-playing-piano-for-years-but-doesn’t-know-the-music-theory-stuff person I have no idea what she’s talking about
@blahblahblahidina
Жыл бұрын
As a pianist I find that approach much easier and not at all confusing, thanks!
@scottanos9981
Жыл бұрын
You'd still have to know what the circle of fifths is though 😅
@dibaldgyfm9933
Жыл бұрын
But what would you use Negative harmony for?
@GuitarUniverse2013
Жыл бұрын
Sorry, I watch this video literally eight times and you lost me. I appreciate your brevity and straightforward approach, but sometimes you need to slow your presentation down. Question: are you using a C pure minor on the way down? So you have the same notes as E flat, Major? And when you play that beautiful example at the end of your clip, it would be great if you could show us what you’re actually doing are you playing a melody in C major with your right hand and harmonizing with the chords from E flat, major in your left hand?
@quikjip
Жыл бұрын
@@GuitarUniverse2013 same frustration here :-) l can only confirm (from the notes played) that the C minor scale played is indeed the aeolian (6th) mode of Eb
@ThePandaAgenda
Жыл бұрын
@@scottanos9981 nah bro we take some pitches and arrange them like this.
@milko3990
Жыл бұрын
Negative harmony is fascinating. It would deserve a longer video
@jespermikkelsen7553
Жыл бұрын
kzitem.info/news/bejne/wputr2V8cZRya4I
@simonvanprooijen
11 ай бұрын
As someone who has too many hours in music theory and composition, it is very useless, but yeah kinda cool for 10 minutes
@tenerochiBeats
9 ай бұрын
@@simonvanprooijencan you explain why it’s useless please ? I’m new to theory and I want to learn music inside and out . Any sources ? I want to go to school in 5 years . Film score , composition and music theory. Any suggestions?
@simonvanprooijen
9 ай бұрын
@@tenerochiBeats I mean I can't exactly explain why it is NOT usefull, but my dad has been an arranger/composer for 20 years now maybe, and he has never used it in his life, he hadn't even heard of it when I asked him what it is. It does remind me of melodies that are used inverted, which is a common thing in classical music (f.e. the 18th variation in rachmaninov variations on a theme of paganini or Bruckner 6th symphony, Richard Atkinson has a beautiful video about that symphony, I would recommend watching that :)), but yeah I don't think any big composer has used negative harmony ever, or written about it...
@Cherodar
9 ай бұрын
@@simonvanprooijenIt's basically a subset of Neo-Riemannian theory under a catchier name. In a certain sense, composers are using it all the time, but have no need to think of it in this way, because there are better and easier ways to think about it, e.g. just using ascending fifths rather than descending fifths. It's not that the music indexed by it is useless--it's that the indexing itself is fancier and more inefficient than it needs to be.
@jonarmstrong6214
Жыл бұрын
I'm convinced music theory is some form of ancient black magic. I just started studying it, and I'm amazed by it. It only took 57 years to get here.
@Late20sSkateboarder
Жыл бұрын
It’s just math
@ihaka3925
Жыл бұрын
Math with a high level of emotion and subjectivity
@jumperstartful
Жыл бұрын
amen. It's still a little confusing!
@leechild4655
Жыл бұрын
Music theory is a deep rabbit hole. I think its designed to make you pull your hair out. ;-)
@jonarmstrong6214
Жыл бұрын
@MiscBaraldi I'm a master toolmaker by trade, so math is my Forte. That's what amazes me so much. I can't believe I've never studied it before. It comes very naturally to me.
@LivingPianosVideos
Жыл бұрын
The simple explanation for this is that major intervals become minor when they are inverted. This is in contrast to perfect intervals which remain perfect when they are inverted! Perfect intervals are prime (unison), 4th, 5th and octave. Major/minor intervals are 2nd, 3rd, 6th & 7th.
@hindisikhnewaalaa
Жыл бұрын
But... what does it mean to 'invert' an interval?🤔
@quikjip
Жыл бұрын
@@hindisikhnewaalaa just flipping the notes around (basically shifting up the lower note of a 2-note chord, or shifting down the upper note)
@hindisikhnewaalaa
Жыл бұрын
@@quikjip Holy Cow, now this is an eddicayshun for me! I have a mandolin (tuned in fifths), and what you and PianoVideos have said is suddenly right out at me! Thanks to you both for showing me something so important, that I would have blithely skipped over!😮
@herrbonk3635
Жыл бұрын
@@quikjip I don't get it. What is "shifting"? Changing octaves? If you first play a C plus an E (two steps above) and then move the E to the octave below instead, does that make it a "minor" interval in some sense?
@quikjip
Жыл бұрын
@@herrbonk3635 yes by shifting I meant moving, but I should mentioned up/down AN OCTAVE (so that it stays the same note / keeps the same note name). Indeed, the chord E-C (in that ascending order) is a minor sixth.
@davidsummerville351
Жыл бұрын
perfect shirt to wear. black on one side, white on the other. major up, minor down. 😎🤓
@heritage1834
8 ай бұрын
This comment! 😂😂
@randomdudr
6 ай бұрын
ying yang
@TonyIsCool45
5 ай бұрын
_Monokuma has entered the chat._
@SuonoReale
Жыл бұрын
Negative harmony is pretty useful for call-and-response phrases, too.
@daniellopes6766
Жыл бұрын
explain!!!
@SuonoReale
Жыл бұрын
@@daniellopes6766 Sure thing. So, let's say your axis is C, as Nahre Sol is using in this video. Let's say your melody is C D F A B (ascending), the "response" would be C Bb G Eb Db (descending). In this case, basically the "response" is what is called a perfect or chromatic inversion of the original subject/melody. But of course this is easy to do when you chosen axis is also the first note of your melody. Let's say that you still want your axis to be C, but now your starting melody is D E F# B (ascending), your "response" would be Bb Ab Gb Db (descending). I'm not the best teacher and I could show better examples but it is hard to do without showing the notation. But, if you get all this, using the "negative" response is a quick and easy way to extend a phrase, so to say. I've used it in some of my own pieces because it does provide a sort of variety that is really just a veiled form of the original material. Really seasoned composers, of all kinds, seem to develop/derive entire compositions from a single "musical idea" (in the Schoenbergian sense) and so their works have a sort of gestalt unity, even if it is not always so obvious on the surface. Using negative harmony is one more tool in the arsenal.
@modalmixture
Жыл бұрын
What I like about this is your jazz ii-V-I in negative harmony turns into your gospel bVII-iv-I, with that lovely minor plagal.
@SilverTheFlame
Жыл бұрын
Sick. Thanks for sharing :)
@gillianomotoso328
Жыл бұрын
Yup :) Technically the tonic becomes minor too, but yes, it’s very effective 😅
@AliasgarVirdiwala5253
Жыл бұрын
Madam can you make a full video on nagative harmony? And how altering with nagative harmony would sound?
@AliasgarVirdiwala5253
Жыл бұрын
@@rhea8186 thanks
@rhea8186
Жыл бұрын
@@AliasgarVirdiwala5253 no prob
@andy-simmons
Жыл бұрын
Holy cow, this is way easier than trying to mirror the circle of 5ths in my head. Great tip. Thanks for this!!
@cent0r
Жыл бұрын
She plays chords faster than I can play notes
@MusicalJokes
8 ай бұрын
you should give yourself some time and practice more ;)
@dnikoevans9902
Жыл бұрын
Understood! Bless you, NahreSol
@realjohngalt
Жыл бұрын
i believe you have the axis drawn wrong in the diagram. the axis should be between the 1 and 5 chord for the given key, in C the axis would be between C and G. you're right that Fmaj becomes Gmin, but using diagram provided here, it's impossible to derive negative harmony correctly... aside from that i like your way of finding the chords using the minor key descending to the left and the major key of the right. you are much better at music than me:)
@realjohngalt
Жыл бұрын
but somehow the way you have the axis drawn works for your method of finding neg harmony using a major scale on the right and a minor on left...
@vladislavmatiusenco1089
Жыл бұрын
I like the fine details, like her shirt is half black half white
@josephmathmusic
Жыл бұрын
If you symmetrize all notes with respect to D or G sharp you also preserve the colors or the keys!
@AlexGeek
Жыл бұрын
but pro musicians always making it harder for us beginners :D
@calebraysilcott9471
Жыл бұрын
What do you mean? Yes those are the mirror notes on the piano.
@05degrees
Жыл бұрын
@@AlexGeek There is reason though: not any reflection goes well with a given scale. If I remember it right, mirroring around C in the circle of fifths is meant to go well in C major context, for example (and A minor too, I guess).
@kennethschweighardt4920
Жыл бұрын
How beautiful the chord progression at the end. Thank-you for sharing!
@tchaffman
Жыл бұрын
Lol KZitem seems to be full of videos explaining negative harmony but I have yet to find any videos where I can actually hear it used 🙃
@LearnCompositionOnline
Жыл бұрын
well , they dont care so much about your education
@rsxexip
Жыл бұрын
Check out Jacob collier
@rsxexip
Жыл бұрын
It is not a whole tool on it own but part of various tools used to approach improvisation and reharmonisation as a pianist
@LearnCompositionOnline
Жыл бұрын
@@rsxexip i guess he wont help me haha
@michaelmcglaughlin9383
Жыл бұрын
Negative harmony sounds really interesting, and I think I understand the concept of how to do/create it, but can someone explain when it should be used or what the point of it it is?
@gillianomotoso328
Жыл бұрын
It helps to allow for tonal equivalents that have opposite emotional effect. Like iv6 and V7, or bIImaj7 and viib13 (Vmaj7). It can even be applied to modes and scales, like Aeolian and Ionian, or Dorian and Mixolydian, or harmonic major and harmonic minor. Some scales and chords are axially closer to each other than others, like Dorian & Mixolydian versus Lydian & Phrygian, or harmonic major & harmonic minor versus melodic minor & Aeolian dominant (melodic major).
@michaelmcglaughlin9383
Жыл бұрын
@@gillianomotoso328 oh damn man, thankyou for that great response🙏🙏 preciate it
@gillianomotoso328
Жыл бұрын
@@michaelmcglaughlin9383 no problem :) it’s a very interesting topic.
@ayhamshaheed7740
Жыл бұрын
@@gillianomotoso328 thanks !
@bigol9223
Жыл бұрын
Should be used when you feel like, the point of which is to create negative hamrony.
@C-wey
7 ай бұрын
That's how that's done? Wow, ok thank you! Simple -and explains a lot of how that sound is accomplished.
@_sonicfive
Жыл бұрын
Your BLACK & WHITE blouse Nahre!! It supports the negative harmony concept pretty nicely! Am I the first one to catch this? You are on a whole new level my Friend! 😂😂🎉
@priceconsult5880
7 сағат бұрын
Love it, you just added an extra hour a day to my practice time; thank you I'm all in!
@ESKARGAMES
Жыл бұрын
This is about to open a rabbit hole for me, I’ve never heard of negative harmony before.
@felixmarques
Жыл бұрын
Look for negative harmony covers on KZitem. You'll be amazed.
@JohnBarrylizard
Жыл бұрын
Very cool approach to expand a musical repertoire. Sounds jazzy elegant.
@handiatwalinda8966
Жыл бұрын
Never thought it could be so easy to understand 😅. Thanks 🙏🏽.
@massey4business
21 күн бұрын
Her blouse really helped. I got this. Thank you so much!
@gillianomotoso328
Жыл бұрын
Great short! It also helps to start out with knowing that the chords and scales are spelled opposite of each other at their root and fifth, and that the negative of the dominant (V7) is the minor subdominant (iv6), and vice versa. Where one chord is spelled upward from the root, the other is spelled downward from its fifth.
@HummerCanuck
7 ай бұрын
That melody at the end immediately brought Thomas Newman and Shawshank to mind.
@ephjaymusic
Ай бұрын
It's literally one of the composition tools that Newman uses when writing 😎
@AdamJenkinsEverything
Жыл бұрын
This was super helpful after hearing about negative harms for ages. Thanks!
@Journey-of-1000-Miles
8 ай бұрын
OMG! Why didn’t someone tell me this, 40 years ago?! thank you, very much!😊
@mornasso
7 ай бұрын
As a musician, at first I found it confusing, but then I rewatched it, paid more attention and tried to perform, then I understood. I know how you like to teach, Nah! Congratulations, you do this very well!
@AngrySkipperGC
Ай бұрын
This is actually a really good technique. It's what I've always done with chords.
@aaronlewis7182
11 ай бұрын
You just broke my brain!!! 🤣 I caught all of the FEELS watching this!! ❤️❤️
@StudioSooner
6 ай бұрын
The Boss!! Thank you for breaking that down so fast....
@StaticRevelations
5 ай бұрын
This is a really good way to look at it. Like it makes sense how it maps out against the circle of fifths but its much easier to visualize this way. I've only ever seen it mapped out in the circle, not laid out like this.
@errol-ih4jy
Жыл бұрын
CLEAR AS SLUDGE.
@AustinRoss1420
8 ай бұрын
You don’t play piano
@sacredlunatic
7 ай бұрын
@@AustinRoss1420 I do, and I agree.
@Hellexer
5 ай бұрын
The way I learned this technique was with a 3rd very different method. It's really cool to see some alternative ways of thinking about this. Thank you!
@anaxiomenes3964
Жыл бұрын
Two approaches to learning a little about this awesome musical instrument, the piano. You have shown for both methods a map and how to cover the distance. To someone with a penchant for analysis and makes-sense-scenario, both explanations are suitable to someone with no knowledge of piano theory. Thank you.
@sannekaribo4253
8 ай бұрын
You just blew my mind I never saw negative Harmon this way Thanks
@TheRealMACA
8 ай бұрын
these are the keys I'm looking for on every thing that makes sound. all the time. thank u! your channel is awesome!
@GainsTuesday
Жыл бұрын
This makes so much sense. I've never been good with theory at all. Very nice little vid. Thank ya!
@emilianomartinez4083
7 ай бұрын
As a musician who has practiced music theory since middle and have always just played by ear and feel, this actually made a lot of sense. And now i have a way to explain to others. Thank you!
@rubengreenberg2253
Жыл бұрын
What a fantastic teacher!
@splashesin8
Жыл бұрын
(:
@danmart1879
Жыл бұрын
This lady is a music genius. ±++++
@francevenezia
Жыл бұрын
So beautiful! Loved the harmony! 🌄
@sharcoz
4 ай бұрын
I have no clue but I like the fact that she discovered sth that feels worth sharing🎉
@krunchyapples
6 ай бұрын
There's lots of really neat synchronicities in music like this and the more you play around with it the more of them you'll discover and it is really cool
@AustinRoss1420
8 ай бұрын
This is genius! I composed a piece with a negative reharm of the main motif on the coda, and knowing this would have saved me a lot of mental work.
@simondou6882
8 ай бұрын
This is awesome, I am a guitarist n I approach n identify negative harmony in guitar easier. This video now completes my jigsaw puzzle on piano. Thank you very much.
@djflapjack4744
4 ай бұрын
That music circle is arranged exactly like a steel pan! It's Trinidad's national instrument and all the notes are in the same order as that circle! ❤🇹🇹
@vze2gsgr
Жыл бұрын
Love this. Best explanation of this I've heard.
@madisonlevimusic
Жыл бұрын
Simplest explanation I’ve seen. Thank you!!
@DelphicRachel
6 ай бұрын
Bartok took this tonality concept and expanded it even more :) He's my favourite composer of all time
@EasyPianoTutorials
3 ай бұрын
Interesting way to look at it! Very creative and love the visuals
@Michael_Pereira
11 ай бұрын
Most educational video I have watched yet on shorts, very cool
@eavening4149
Жыл бұрын
Wow! cool! I'd never heard of this before. Awesome!
@Souls4Music
9 ай бұрын
You described this beautifully and in lucid manner..
@eddierayvanlynch6133
Жыл бұрын
Clearest explanation of pitch axis I've seen Bravo! 👏😎
@Nathan00at78Uuiu
8 ай бұрын
ohh those chords at the end sounded like the start of something intriguing. super cool.
@stopwithitnowthx
Жыл бұрын
Reminds me of the color wheel❤ All Frequencies
@blakewheeler6223
Жыл бұрын
You can also think of the axis between the tonic and dominant (C and G), and you can flip all the notes in a chord across that axis to create it's negative harmony equivalent
@asherplatts6253
Жыл бұрын
What does that mean though? Wtf is "negative harmony"? What is the purpose of it?
@johnbardsley8907
8 ай бұрын
I love your Yin Yang shirt in a discussion of negative harmony
@UttaraMimamsa
8 ай бұрын
ok, ok...
@adedot7
6 ай бұрын
It maKes sense to me now. Thanks. You saved my life
@andrewmays3988
8 ай бұрын
I would love to hear this Heavenly angel play...just play!!!... all those new chords without words and theory!!!😇
@larisazvezdnaya2305
Жыл бұрын
Never heard about the negative harmony. Thank you for pointing 👉 I need to check it out 😊
@kenton6804
2 ай бұрын
This took me a moment to understand.
@lewisedmundscomposer
5 ай бұрын
Much easier to understand, thank you!
@Andrea-xs4ny
7 ай бұрын
It's like Yin and Yang, like your shirt. :-) Great demonstration!
@gumbly4174
5 ай бұрын
I’m a lead bassist and I’ve been really looking into using negative harmony in a metal/goth context. Especially by having the guitar play one thing and have the bass play the negative harmony. I’m not a pianist but I think I get what you’re trying to say. Thank you so much.
@najnapid
11 ай бұрын
Thank you. Its a jump start for me .
@Sphereal
Жыл бұрын
Wow, this is magic! Thanks!
@positivecommenter1
6 ай бұрын
Thank you so much! This was very helpful. You explained very well
@chris_economou
Жыл бұрын
Wow!!🤯 You’re an amazing teacher!
@davewillmusic3334
Жыл бұрын
Infinitely simpler thank you!!
@PresyceBaez
6 ай бұрын
I'm learning piano and this make so much sense. This will also help with guitar.
@MotifMusicStudios
11 ай бұрын
I need to try this! Well explained, thank you!
@godwinpaschal
Жыл бұрын
Wow... Amazing. This approach has really cleared much in my head
@thesecretisyouaddreverb
Жыл бұрын
Very neat. Should the minor scale going down have a Db technically?
@christianokami2220
Жыл бұрын
If it’s a Phrygian scale.
@rileymoore3105
Жыл бұрын
I thought the same thing. Same interval sequence up vs down. whole whole half whole whole whole half, going up, is major. Same interval sequence going down is Phrygian. But on second thought, if you flip the F note on the traditional E/Eb axis then it does become a D natural. I guess the identical interval sequence starts on the fifth? So it's a G Phrygian, which makes C Minor
@taloweryus
22 күн бұрын
Very clever! Thanks for this!
@EugeneDepart
Жыл бұрын
Thank you for your illuminating explanation!
@fatimamusawy
6 ай бұрын
Man I wish I had an instrument these sounds so cool
@sirrobinhood3409
Жыл бұрын
Very nice! Thanks for sharing!
@althealligator1467
Жыл бұрын
What I find funny is there is already an axis of symmetry in the normal diatonic scale (the Greek modes), so in reference to the Ionian scale: I → vi ii → V iii → IV vii° → itself If the idea of negative harmony is that the image of a chord will have the same level of tension, then try to think about the implications this has on the normal diatonic scale.
@SilverTheFlame
Жыл бұрын
Dostonic scale ??
@althealligator1467
Жыл бұрын
@@SilverTheFlame diatonic* autocorrect didn't save me rip
@SilverTheFlame
Жыл бұрын
@@althealligator1467 Can you explain your message a bit more? What axis of symmetry are you talking about? How does iii invert to IV?
@althealligator1467
Жыл бұрын
@@SilverTheFlame Sure thing What's the formula for the major (ionian) scale? Well it's: W-W-H-W-W-W-H (W being whole-step and H being half-step) As you can see, it's a specific structure, which, like any structure, can be represented mathematically. If you alter this structure, it's not the major scale anymore. Now a principle we go by in occidental music is octave equivalency, which means that notes repeat after the octave. Therefore, the chromatic scale can be represented mathematically as all 12 notes disposed in a circle, like a clock. If you look at the modes of the major scale, they have these formulas: Ionian: W-W-H-W-W-W-H Dorian: W-H-W-W-W-H-W Phrygian: H-W-W-W-H-W-W Lydian: W-W-W-H-W-W-H Mixolydian: W-W-H-W-W-H-W Aolian: W-H-W-W-H-W-W Locrian: H-W-W-H-W-W-W Except, because of octave equivalency, these patterns repeat endlessly, which means that all of these seven scales are the exact structure; they're the same scale: ...W-W-H-W-W-W-H-W-W-H-W-W-W-H-W-W-H-W-W-W-H-W-W-H-W-W-W-H-W-W-H-W-W-W-H-W-W-H-W-W-W-H-W-W... forever So I call the structure of the seven Greeks modes "the diatonic scale." While negative harmony invents an axis around which to flip notes to find an equivalent, the diatonic scale already has one. How so? Well if you look at its structure, it is symmetrical if the axis is in between the two consecutive whole tones, like so: W-W-W-H-W | W-H-W-W-W If you were to continue the pattern on both sides, you would always be symmetrical around this axis. Now why is this important at all? Well why does negative harmony even do? It's a tool that lets you find notes equivalent in tension to ones you want replaced. This means that the resulting set of notes will be functionally similar to the original ones. The thing is, you don't even need negative harmony to do this, as the diatonic scale already provides this. If we pick the key of C major, then the axis of symmetry goes through the note D (and coincidentally G#/Ab). This means that at a whole tone away from the axis, C and E are images of each other, B and F are but at a minor third away from the axis, as well as A and G at a perfect fourth away. If you kept going, at a perfect fifth would be G and A, F and B at a major sixth, E and C at a minor seventh, and just D at the octave, but we already have the correspondence between these notes. Now the I chord is C, which is composed of the notes C-E-G. The images of these notes are E for C, C for E, and A for G. The resulting chord is Am, the vi chord. The ii chord, Dm, is made up of D-F-A, which are the images of D-B-G, so G major, the V chord. Em is the iii chord, and E-G-B become C-A-F, which is the IV chord F. The only chord left is B°, the vii° chord, which to no one's surprise is its own image because it's the only diminished chord in the scale. Now if the I chord is equivalent to the vi chord, ii is equivalent to V, and iii is equivalent to IV, can you tell me what implications this has on our understanding of chord functions?
@geoticmelody4581
Жыл бұрын
@@althealligator1467 all of those images already follow each other in sequence in a standard sense of progression too, especially ii > V and iii > IV Actually kinda bonkers
@music9821016
Жыл бұрын
wow this is sooooo useful!! thank you!!
@stttttipa
9 ай бұрын
In elementary music school we learned all the theory based on piano. And this is exactly what solfeggio teacher taught us. Myself, just a guitar player, couldn't grasp one bit of it.
@adamedison6831
11 ай бұрын
Love it! Awesome visual tool for pianists.
@alexandregrand-pierre1981
Жыл бұрын
I have no idea whats happening, but it sounds pretty at the end 😀
@alexlewis5365
Жыл бұрын
It's a cool theoretical concept. For me though, it's always been so weird that I never think to use it in my compositions. I think ill try again though in the near future.
@rhea8186
Жыл бұрын
Although it’s tempting to try to use the concept consistently throughout a piece (eg C Ionian melody over G Phrygian harmony) but I find using negative harmony sparingly to add color to otherwise boring cadences to create interest
@samuelshafritz8572
Жыл бұрын
i like how your shirt matches the theme of the video
@fredrodnick2881
Жыл бұрын
I have to look at this when I can concentrate. It seems interesting.
@MS-ct5pq
7 ай бұрын
You are a genius!
@cheeseheadfiddle
9 ай бұрын
Never thought about music this way before. So interesting.
@VLad-zk7lo
Жыл бұрын
The explanation can't be better. Please continue.
@causeandefect8252
Жыл бұрын
Thank you. I am a violinist who uses the piano for pitch and theory and really appreciate r/l hand tricks.
@juliechang2337
Жыл бұрын
that’s so cool and not confusing at all❤❤
@braynjohnson4302
Жыл бұрын
I’ve been playing piano for 20 years and composing for about 5 and I completely forgot negative harmony existed xD definitely going to use this in my next project.
@j-dub8399
Жыл бұрын
You make it sound so simple!
@primoparadero6609
Жыл бұрын
Awesome! I like to get your course and learn from your techniques. 🙂🙏🏝️
@sebastianmoggia4800
9 ай бұрын
Finally a get it!!? Thanks very much 🙏
@MikkiPike
6 ай бұрын
wish every music lesson could be done this way, what a way to visualize ^-^
@AshChambers21
Жыл бұрын
I had to watch this twice to get it. But this is a great tip. Now I'm rushing to finish this essay so I can sit down at my Donner and apply it. Thank you!
Пікірлер: 720