淨界法師 :《佛法修學概要》
時間: 2013/05/22
地點:洛杉磯 淨土教觀學苑
編號:期中座談1
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【學員提問】請問法師,既然我們都是妄想妄念,我怎麼知道哪個是善念,哪個是惡念?
【師父答疑】好,問得很好。我們都活在妄想,所以我們沒有判斷能力,我們必須要從經典上學習。佛陀對於善念惡念是有明確的定義的。當然身為《佛法概要》,其實我們《佛法概要》只是一個很 rough 的,很粗顯的帶大家走一次佛法的道次第,但是你千萬不要希望,你聽完《佛法概要》,你就什麼都不要學了,不要這樣想。
這是一個通途的課程,你覺得你哪一方面不夠,比方說你發心比較不足,你要找跟發菩提心有關的經典來補強你自己;你覺得你的正見比較差,我沒辦法判斷善惡念,那《百法明門論》講很清楚:什麼是善,什麼是高慢,什麼是慳貪,什麼是懈怠,什麼是放逸。很多人把懈怠跟放逸搞不清楚。懈怠是比較輕微的,放逸是比較嚴重的。懈怠就是我今天不想做功課,但是我還不至於放逸;放逸是很想要起煩惱,我不做功課,不代表我就想起煩惱。所以如果你對你的念頭的判斷能力很差,我建議你讀《百法明門論》。
佛陀每一個法門都有它的特點,我們這個是一個通途課程,那你覺得你有所不足,你要找專業的課程去補強你自己。所以《佛法概要》是一個整體性的介紹,它不可能針對一個主題深入地探討。那這樣講的話,你半年、三個月怎麼講得完?但至少你知道佛法是什麼,修行是怎麼回事,建立一個概念,理觀是什麼,事修是什麼。所以《佛法概要》它是給你一個很大綱的了解。知道你現在需要補強哪一方面,然後你再去做補強。
所以我們所有的判斷,什麼是該做,什麼是不該做,什麼是幫助你往生的,什麼是障礙你往生的,我們不能完全靠直覺。要從經典學習,佛陀說了算。所以你要皈依佛,皈依法,皈依僧,只有透過學習。
我再提醒大家一件事情。如果你看經典的時間稍微多一點,你會發現一個事實,我們的想法百分之九十九都是錯的,真的。佛陀說:沒有證得阿羅漢果之前,都不能相信自己。你試試看,你現在想一件事情,用你的想法去想,然後再去翻翻經典,你會發覺你的想法跟佛陀說的不一樣。然後你就知道什麼叫作顛倒妄想。但是你慢慢地去從日常生活印證,你會發覺佛陀是對的。然後你對佛陀的信心就慢慢增加了。
佛法是可以印證的。它跟哲學不一樣。哲學家講出一個道理,它不一定是對的,只是他的概念而已。但是佛陀的話,是他自己修證過來的--「此是道我已修,此是滅我已證」,佛陀是從一個過來人的角度來講這個佛法,他走過來了。所以你要是不學習佛法,你只好跟著你自己的感覺去判斷,那你就不知道對不對,就沒有人知道了。但是我要提醒你大部分是錯的。我們的人生經驗所得到的知識,沒有辦法去處理人生的問題。其實我們現在受的所有教育,只有辦法處理生活的問題,沒辦法處理生命的問題,真的。你不管接受什麼教育,沒辦法處理你生命的問題,沒辦法。但是會讓你生活好一點,因為你學歷高,你可以做很好的工作,可以幫你處理生活的問題,但是生命的問題一點都沒有用。這是兩個不同的概念,兩個不同的領域。所以我們怎麼知道我的念頭是對是錯,你只有從教理學習,看佛陀怎麼說。
*Question:* How do I know which thoughts are good and which are bad since all of our thoughts are delusional?
*Answer:* This is an excellent question. We live in delusion, so we lack the ability to judge accurately. We must learn from the scriptures, as the Buddha provides clear definitions of good and bad thoughts.
For example, our course "Buddhism Overview" is only a rough guide through the stages of Buddhist practice, and should not be seen as the end of your learning. If you feel lacking in a certain area, such as generating the Bodhi mind, you should seek out relevant scriptures to strengthen that area.
For distinguishing good from bad thoughts, the "Hundred Dharmas" explains clearly what constitutes goodness, arrogance, greed, laziness, and negligence. If you have trouble discerning your thoughts, I recommend studying this text.
The Buddha's teachings each have their own focus. Our course is a general introduction, but you should seek specialized courses to fill in gaps. The "Buddhism Overview" gives you a broad understanding, but for in-depth study on specific topics, you need to continue learning.
Our judgments about what to do and what not to do, what helps or hinders rebirth, cannot rely solely on intuition. They must be based on the scriptures. The Buddha's teachings are verified through practice and experience, unlike philosophical concepts which may not be true.
The Buddha said that until one attains the fruit of Arhatship, they cannot fully trust themselves. You will find that most of your thoughts are wrong compared to the Buddha's teachings. However, by gradually validating the teachings in daily life, you will see their truth and increase your confidence in the Buddha.
Buddhist teachings can be validated through practice, unlike philosophy which is theoretical. The Buddha spoke from personal experience, having achieved the path and its cessation. Without learning the Dharma, you rely on your own feelings for judgment, which is often incorrect.
Our educational experiences can only handle life's practical issues, not the deeper issues of life itself. Regardless of your education level, it won't solve life's fundamental problems but can make living more comfortable. To know if your thoughts are right or wrong, you must study the teachings and see how the Buddha defines them.
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