當基督徒準備迎接復活節的同時,猶太人則在慶祝相當重要的節日---「逾越節」,該節日主要是紀念神越過以色列人而不擊殺他們的長子,並帶領以色列人離開埃及擺脫奴役身分;慶祝逾越節不僅是讓猶太人記住祖先過往遭遇,同時也是與親友團聚的日子。
While Christians are welcoming Easter, the Jews are also celebrating a very important holiday - "Passover", which is mainly to commemorate God's passing over the Israelis without killing their eldest son, and leading the Israelis to escape from Egypt and free them from slavery. Celebrating Passover is not only a day for the Jews to remember the past of their ancestors, but also a day to reunite with relatives and friends.
根據《聖經舊約》〈出谷記〉記載,當時上帝要降下十災懲罰埃及,最後的災難就是「長子之死」,埃及境內包括人類的所有生物的第一個孩子都會死亡,而猶太人在自家牆上塗上羊血,與埃及人做出區隔,讓長子免於一死,正因上帝「逾越」猶太家庭,並在先知梅瑟帶領下離開埃及,逾越節的宗旨就是銘記這段歷史。According to the Book of Exodus in the Old Testament, at that time, God sent Plagues of Egypt to punish the Egyptians. The final plague was the “Death of firstborn”. The first child of all living things in Egypt, including humans, will die, and the Jews painted sheep's blood on their walls to separate them from the Egyptians, saving the eldest son from death. Because God "passed over" Jewish families and instructed the prophet Moses to lead the Jews to leave Egypt, the purpose of Passover is to remember this history.
而逾越節這個節日依然存在於猶太人的社會中,這是猶太民族獲得自由的重要節日,其中以逾越節的晚餐最具代表性,逾越節必吃的食物包含無酵餅、水煮蛋、羊肉、苦菜、水果泥,但你知道這些食物背後蘊含的意義又是什麼呢?
The Passover holiday still exists in Jewish society. It is an important holiday because the Jewish people gained their freedom on this day. Among all the traditions, the Passover dinner is most representative; must-eat foods include unleavened bread, boiled eggs, mutton, maror, and fruit puree, but do you know the meaning behind these foods?
以色列人當時急忙離開埃及,沒有時間讓餅發酵,就製作了無酵餅。發酵是腐化的結果,有不潔之意;無酵餅是未發酵的食物,所以象徵正直、純潔、真實。逾越節晚餐桌子上會擺放三份疊在一起的無酵餅,代表三類猶太人的合一。
The Israelites left Egypt in a hurry and did not have time to ferment bread, so they made unleavened bread. Fermentation is the result of degradation, and is a symbol of uncleanness; unleavened bread is unfermented food, and as such it symbolizes integrity, purity, and truth. Three stacks of unleavened bread will be placed on the Passover dinner table, representing the unity of the three types of Jews.
而水煮雞蛋的象徵意義充滿正能量,雞蛋是少數烹煮後會凝結成形的食物,因此水煮雞蛋代表猶太人愈挫愈勇,儘管遭受埃及人鞭打奴役,但最後仍成功離開埃及,建立自己的家園。
Boiled eggs on the other hand symbolize overflowing positive energy. Eggs are one of the few foods that form shape after cooking. Boiled eggs thus represent the Jewish people's resilience - in spite of the beatings and enslavement by the Egyptians, they managed to leave Egypt and establish a home for themselves.
羊肉也是逾越節的主要菜色,因為猶太人能躲過「長子之死」災難,正是因為宰殺羊隻,並把血塗在自家牆上做記號,與埃及人家做出區別,當晚則是吃羊肉,因此傳統逾越節餐點擺盤上,會有帶骨羊肉,象徵犧牲的羊隻。
Lamb is also the main dish of the Passover, because the Jews escape the "Death of firstborn" disaster precisely because they slaughtered a lamb and smeared its blood on their walls as a mark to distinguish themselves from the Egyptians. They also ate mutton that night. Therefore, the traditional Passover meal is bone-in lamb served on a plate, which symbolizes the sacrifice of the lamb.
苦菜也是猶太人祖先出埃及時,用來配無酵餅與羊肉食用的菜色,現在則象徵猶太人祖先被奴役時遭受的痛苦,希望後世能夠記住。
Maror is a dish the Jewish ancestors brought along with unleavened bread and mutton when they left Egypt. Now it symbolizes the suffering that the Jewish ancestors lived through when they were enslaved, in hopes that future generations will remember this history.
水果泥由肉桂、紅酒、蘋果、乾果、薑製成,以紀念他們的祖先在埃及製造磚瓦。
The fruit puree is made of cinnamon, red wine, apples, dried fruits, and ginger to commemorate their ancestors making bricks and tiles in Egypt.
而在逾越節晚餐中,每個成人都會喝四杯酒,代表以色列人從受埃及奴役中被拯救出來。
During a Seder, each adult diner drinks four cups of wine, representing the redemption of the Israelites from slavery under the Egyptians.
逾越節是一個紀念希伯來人從埃及的奴隸制中解放出來的假期,紀念著當耶和華懲罰埃及人時,"逾越”以色列人使長子得以倖免。
Passover is a holiday commemorating the Hebrews' liberation from slavery in Egypt, and the “passing over” of the forces of destruction, or the sparing of the firstborn of the Israelites, when the Lord “smote the land of Egypt” on the eve of the Exodus.
大屠殺,當代的猶太悲劇,其中一部分發生在多瑙河河岸,在那裡,猶太人與其他當地持不同政見者一起被槍斃或被推入河中溺死。
Holocaust, a modern Jewish tragedy, occurred partly on the Danube bank, where the Jews together with the other local dissidents were either shot to death or pushed into the river to drown to death.
透過反思“多瑙河岸上的鞋子”的事件和逾越節的由來,願世上所有民族都能得到和平與解放。
Reflecting on the image of "The Shoes on Danube Bank" and the festival of Passover, let us wish for peace and liberation of all the peoples on earth.
以上事件都在提醒我們不要忘記歷史最黑暗的時刻,記取歷史的教訓,尊重多元文化,不管是逾越節或是曾經經歷過的事件,都對猶太人的意義非凡,這是擁有神蹟的歷史過程、充滿著苦盡甘來的感恩,更是對未來抱持永恆盼望的節期。
The above events remind us not to forget the darkest hours in history, to remember the lessons, and to respect multiculturalism. Whether it is the Passover, or historical events, they are of great significance to the Jews. This is a history filled with miracles, filled with gratitude after great suffering, and crucially, it is a festival of eternal hope for the future.
Негізгі бет 【節慶介紹】你聽過逾越節嗎?猶太人為甚麼要慶祝逾越節?|逾越節介紹|輔仁大學外語學院
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