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Padayani
Padayani, also known Padeni (from the Malayalam word for military formations), is a traditional folk dance and a ritual art from the central portion of the Indian state of Kerala. A ceremonial dance involving masks, it is an ancient ritual performed in Bhagavati temples. The dance is performed in honor of Bhadrakaali. Meaning, a 'row of warriors', Padayani is an art form that blends all music, dance, theatre, satire, facial masks, and paintings. It is part of the worship of Bhadrakali and is staged in temples dedicated to the goddess from mid-December to mid-May. Padayani is unique to central Travancore, comprising the Pathanamthitta and Kottayam districts of Kerala. Padayani is regarded as a remnant of the Dravidian forms of worship that existed before the advent of Brahmanism.
Padayani is like Theyyam in north Kerala. The percussion instruments used in Patayani are patayani thappu, chenda, para and kumbham.
The annual Padayani festival at Sree Bhagavathikunnu Devi Temple at Elanthoor, takes place in the Malayalam month of Kumbham. The festival begins with 'Choottu vaipu' on Bharani asterism and the padayani performance begins on Makariyam asterism and continues for 8 days. On the 8th day, the event is concluded with Valiya Padayani. The main attractions are ritual kolam procession and Thappumelam including different percussion instruments, Adavi, Vinodam (satire) and rare kolam performances.
Another highlight of Elanthoor Padayani is that from the first day to seventh day, 'Koottakolam' will perform along with the special kolams of here. Special kolams are scheduled as per offerings from the devotees. Koottakolam performance will begin only after a ritual 'Adantha' performance of Bhairavi kolam, on the first day.
Ganapathi, Shivakolam, Marutha, Sundara Yakshi, Kalan Kolam and Bhairavi kolam; rare kolams like are Rudra Marutha, Krinkkaali, Erinaga Yakshi, Karinaga Yakshi and Nina Bhairavi are the different types of Kolam included in Koottakolam performance.
Valiya Padayani at Elanthoor
On the 8th day, Valiya Padayani will be performed after 'Thavadi' group performance and Vinodam (Satire). The 'Vinodam' performance of Elanthoor padayani begins with Velichapadu, Paradeshi, Sharkkarakudam, Ammumma, Nampoothiriyum Vaalyakkaaranum, Pattarum Pennum, and Nayattu. Once the vinodam performances are over 'Kolam Thullal' begins. Other than Koottakolam, various kolams will perform during Valya Padayani day. These include, Kootta Marutha, Kuthira, Pakshi, Madan, Anthara Yekshi, Maya Yakshi, Arakki Yakshi, Kaanjiramala, and Mangala Bhairavi. The Bhairavi kolam performing on Valya Padayani is made up of 101 carved raw areca palm spathes.
The festival marks an end with the ritual of Pooppada followed by a circumambulation with burning 'Choottu'.
Choottuvaippu
The very first ritual which happens in the Padayani Kalam, the arena where the performance is held, begins with Choottuvaippu or burning of torches made of dry coconut leaves and is followed by the drumming of the Thappu by the Padayani master. It is believed that the drumming invites the Goddess to the Padayani Kalam. Next is the Chootu Valathu (circumambulating the temple with the burning torches). It is then followed by the ritual of Kotti Vilikkal or Vilichariyikkal, in which the Goddess is informed about the weeklong performance. During the first two days of the festival, only these rituals are performed.
Valiya Padayani
The most important day of the Padayani festival is the Valiya Padayani. It is also known as Koottakkolam. The Padayani conducted and performed from the Adavi day to Valiya Padayani day is known as Edappadayani. On the last day of the festival, all rituals held from the first day is repeated starting from the Thappu Melam, Thavadi, Pulavritham, Paradeshi and Kolam thullal. The kolams are taken to the temple as a procession and this is called nirathi thullal. There are usually five Bhairavi kolams, the most important of all kolams, of different sizes. On the two sides of Bhairavi kolams will be the kolams of Antara Yakshi, Sundara Yakshi, Kalari, Ambara yakshi and other minor kolams. Finally at daybreak comes the Mangala Kolam, who will apologise to the Goddess for any faults that happened during the Padayani festival performance takes place. In most places, Bhairavi and Kanjiramala are considered as the Mangala Kolam. Valiya Padayani concludes with the artistes and the devotees singing Vallappattu, seeking divine blessings.
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