Nalanda was a renowned ancient center of learning in India, flourishing from around the 5th century CE to the 12th century CE. It was located in present-day Bihar, near the town of Rajgir, and was one of the first residential universities in the world, with dormitories for students. Here are some key points about Nalanda:
Historical Significance
Founding and Growth: Nalanda was established during the Gupta Empire, particularly under the reign of Kumaragupta I. It grew under the patronage of successive rulers, including the later Guptas, Harsha, and Pala emperors.
Educational Hub: It attracted scholars and students from various parts of India and abroad, including China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.
Subjects and Studies: The curriculum was diverse, encompassing Buddhist scriptures, logic, grammar, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and the arts.
Campus and Structure
Library: Nalanda had an extensive library known as "Dharmaganja," which included three large buildings, namely Ratnasagara, Ratnadadhi, and Ratnaranjaka. These housed numerous manuscripts and texts.
Monasteries and Temples: The campus included multiple monasteries (viharas) and temples (chaityas). The architectural design facilitated a conducive environment for learning and meditation.
Infrastructure: The university had well-planned facilities, including lecture halls, meditation halls, and observatories.
Scholars and Visitors
Prominent Scholars: Notable scholars associated with Nalanda included Aryabhata, Vasubandhu, Dharmapala, and Shantarakshita. These scholars contributed significantly to various fields of knowledge.
Chinese Pilgrims: Famous Chinese travelers and scholars like Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) and Yijing visited Nalanda, documenting their experiences and studies, providing valuable insights into the university’s operations.
Decline and Destruction
Decline: Nalanda’s decline began in the 12th century, coinciding with the decline of Buddhism in India and the invasions by Muslim rulers.
Destruction: The final blow came in 1193 CE when the university was sacked by the Turkish military general Bakhtiyar Khilji. The extensive library was burned, and many monks were killed or driven away.
Rediscovery and Restoration
Rediscovery: Nalanda lay in ruins for centuries until its rediscovery in the 19th century during British colonial rule in India.
Excavation and Archaeology: Excavations began in the early 20th century, revealing the extensive layout of the ancient university. The site has since been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Modern Efforts: In recent years, there have been efforts to revive the spirit of Nalanda through the establishment of Nalanda University in 2010, an international university aimed at continuing the legacy of this ancient institution.
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