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pneumothorax: Internal medicine lectures for FMGE and NEET PG : Dr Rajesh Gubba
Pneumothorax develops when air enters the pleural space as the result of disease or injury. This leads to a loss of negative pressure between the two pleural membranes, which can result in the partial or complete collapse of the lung. Pneumothorax is classified as spontaneous or traumatic. Spontaneous pneumothorax can be further classified as primary (i.e., no underlying lung disease) or secondary (i.e., due to underlying lung disease). Any type of pneumothorax can progress to tension pneumothorax, which is a life-threatening variant of pneumothorax. Patients with pneumothorax usually present with sudden-onset dyspnea, ipsilateral chest pain, diminished breath sounds, and hyper-resonant percussion on the affected side. Tension pneumothorax further manifests with distended neck veins, tracheal deviation, and hemodynamic instability. There should be a high index of suspicion for both conditions on clinical evaluation. Unstable patients with tension pneumothorax require immediate needle decompression. Chest x-ray may be used to confirm the diagnosis in stable patients. Small pneumothoraces may resorb spontaneously, but larger defects usually require placement of a chest tube.
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