What are the factors associated with ROP? What are the best therapeutic approaches? How to prevent ROP? Is ROP fatal?
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• Milk Fever ! Peripartu...
#Retained placenta (RP) in cattle refers to the failure of the cow to expel the fetal membranes within 12 to 24 hours after calving. This condition is multifactorial, with several contributing factors:
Nutritional Deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins (like vitamin E) and minerals (such as selenium) are associated with an increased risk of RP. Selenium and vitamin E play a role in the immune system and antioxidant defence, which are critical for proper placental separation.
Dystocia: Difficult or prolonged calving (dystocia) can damage the uterine lining and interfere with normal placental separation. Dystocia may result from large calf size, malposition, or uterine inertia.
Infections: Intrauterine infections, particularly bacterial infections, can weaken the placental connections to the uterine wall. Common pathogens include Brucella abortus, Leptospira spp., and Escherichia coli.
Hormonal Imbalances: Disruptions in the balance of hormones, particularly oxytocin and prostaglandins, can impair uterine contractions and the process of placental expulsion.
Metabolic Disorders: Conditions such as milk fever (hypocalcemia) and ketosis are associated with an increased risk of RP, as they affect muscle function and energy metabolism.
Management Factors: Poor management practices, including inadequate hygiene, improper calving environment, and insufficient veterinary care during calving, can increase the incidence of RP.
Pathology of Retained Placenta
The placenta normally separates from the uterus after calving through a complex process involving uterine contractions, immune response, and enzymatic degradation of the placental attachments (cotyledons) to the uterine lining (caruncles). In RP, this separation process is disrupted.
Inadequate Immune Response: A suboptimal immune response can prevent the breakdown of the placental attachments. This may occur due to nutritional deficiencies, metabolic disorders, or immunosuppression (e.g., from stress or disease).
Altered Enzymatic Activity: Enzymes such as collagenase are responsible for degrading the collagen fibers that hold the placenta to the uterus. Inadequate enzyme activity can lead to incomplete separation.
Uterine Atony: Insufficient uterine contractions (uterine atony) can prevent the physical expulsion of the placenta. This may be due to low calcium levels, hormonal imbalances, or damage from dystocia.
Pathogenic Invasion: Bacterial invasion of the uterus can lead to inflammation, which can cause the placental tissues to adhere more firmly to the uterine wall, making separation more difficult.
Metabolic and Endocrine Dysregulation: In conditions like milk fever, the reduced availability of calcium impacts muscle function, including uterine muscle contractions, which are crucial for the expulsion of the placenta.
Treatment of Retained Placenta
Treatment aims to promote the expulsion of the retained placenta, prevent secondary infections, and manage any underlying conditions:
Manual Removal: While traditionally used, manual removal is now less recommended due to the risk of causing trauma, introducing infections, or leaving fragments behind. It is often avoided unless the placenta is already partially detached.
Oxytocin Administration: Oxytocin can be administered to stimulate uterine contractions, which may help in expelling the retained placenta. However, it is most effective when given within a few hours after calving.
Prostaglandin Therapy: Prostaglandins (e.g., PGF2α) are sometimes used to stimulate uterine contractions and facilitate the expulsion of the placenta.
Antibiotic Therapy: Systemic antibiotics are often administered to prevent or treat uterine infections (metritis), which are common complications of RP. Intrauterine antibiotic infusions may also be used, though their efficacy can be variable.
Supportive Care: Supportive treatments, such as fluid therapy, nutritional support, and management of underlying conditions like milk fever or ketosis, are critical in managing cows with RP.
Preventive Measures: Improving overall herd management, ensuring adequate nutrition (especially during the dry period), and preventing dystocia through appropriate breeding practices can help reduce the incidence of RP.
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