How to do Free Immersion Technique kzitem.info/news/bejne/qKKo1W1tk6WFqKwsi=hjDJt7AloWPIrIbU
@Вита-ы7н
6 ай бұрын
А где у них кислородные баллончики чем они дышат под водой 😮😮😮😮😮😮😮😮😮😮😮
@Kgawdat
Жыл бұрын
the safety girl on the second dive was absolutely phenomenon, she had her suspicious, took the action and she even lifted him up on her own! because her buddy wasn't paying attention. she's amazing!
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
Yes, it was an amazing job by safety divers on this competition!
@zazugee
Жыл бұрын
I don't think the other one wasn't paying attention, there are an order to things, like safety diver for every leg of the dive and the others become backup, he was facing him from the wrong direction so obviously two divers shouldn't intervene at the same time.
@Shylade
9 ай бұрын
He was standing by to take over or assist if she was struggling or not coming up fast enough. Why expend energy of both saviors if you don’t have to since there isn’t much time or manpower to save all three under the water?
@freedivetom
Жыл бұрын
REALLY impressed with the safety divers on these dives. They've obviously trained really hard for this event as well.
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
Absolutely agree!
@orlandorodriguez7235
Жыл бұрын
They truly are unsung heroes. Always there. Always reliable. Always on point.
@karenqalashyan146
8 ай бұрын
Уй 😢 1@@orlandorodriguez7235
@oliverp3464
Жыл бұрын
Safety drivers are so slow
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
Disagree. They did an excellent job on this competition
@oliverp3464
Жыл бұрын
Yeah but the whole concept of them slowly bringing you up is frightening. It is just too slow@@KAIZENFREEDIVING
@deanlaffan2390
Жыл бұрын
@@oliverp3464 Because water is so dense, there is actually a physical limit to how fast you can push (or pull) a human body the water. Both the safety divers and the counter ballast manage a recovery speed of about 1m/sec. Even with an UW scooter 60m/min is considered pretty good. That's the same ... 1m/sec. Also there's no panic about getting athletes to the surface. They blacked our. Their epiglottis has sealed. There is no water in their lungs (usually) so they just need to reach the surface before the body has its 'gasp reflex' which is measured in minutes not seconds. Hurt has highlighted these deep. blackouts because they are unusual, especially by athletes capable of these performances. 95% of BOs occur with the last 10m or on the surface
@ianlanford6922
Жыл бұрын
as recreational diver, if it was me, ill break any world record dive easily because ill not coming back. straight to the bottom. kudos for these athletes
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
Haha
@Zuleika_1
8 ай бұрын
🤣🤣🤣 same
@valendis
Жыл бұрын
Well I learned today that I hate Pepe Salcedo 😅. Being late for hist preparation, showing off and passing out right after and then interfering with the rescue of Alexey Molchanov....
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
Haha, I think you are not alone!
@Strype13
Жыл бұрын
Yeah, he certainly comes off as pretty obnoxious.
@soucmic
11 ай бұрын
Pepe Salcedo once grabbed the tag in his mouth as well, another idiotic move that would make the rescue team unable to save him as the tag would probably get stuck in his throat in case of BO...
@TanyaChester-w9l
2 ай бұрын
What a joke this guy, so unprofessional.
@Staroy
Ай бұрын
@@TanyaChester-w9l Yes pathetic human ruining a good sport
@aaliyahImpersonator
4 ай бұрын
The safety divers are swimming guardian angels 😮❤
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
3 ай бұрын
True!
@aaliyahImpersonator
3 ай бұрын
@@KAIZENFREEDIVING Love your channel! 🫶🏽
@masterninoxxx4life
13 күн бұрын
What if he blacks out at 100m??
@aie_aie_
9 ай бұрын
Having spent a lot of time with people who had had accidents and were brain damaged, I was able to observe how vision (using the eyes) was a source of ENORMOUS energy consumption for them in the days following the accident and during the first few weeks of convalescence when the body works very economically to recover. So I wondered whether for these divers, keeping their eyes open was not a pointless waste of energy?
@milolouis
29 күн бұрын
That's a really interesting point. I know that closing my eyes when training in a pool makes me stay under longer.
@krist6074
Ай бұрын
The girl on the 2nd dive didn't hesitate twice to interfere! Great job saving these divers lives!!!
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Ай бұрын
Safety divers and medics did a great job!
@gewinnste
11 ай бұрын
Did i see correctly that the safety diver covers mouth and nose of the blacked-out freediver, so that they don't inhale water?
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
11 ай бұрын
That is correct :)
@terabit.
17 күн бұрын
These guys ARE CRAZY ! Please people STAY SAFE !
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
11 күн бұрын
We all have different interests
@keFPV94
2 ай бұрын
why would you even want to try it makes no sense
@robynholliday4794
2 ай бұрын
Indeed
@josepicobayamon5348
6 ай бұрын
Amazing to watch Alexi going thru that moment after I just saw him break the wR of 136 meters 😮❤❤❤
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
6 ай бұрын
He is unstoppable!
@Strype13
Жыл бұрын
Out of curiosity... that infamous diver who some people accused of setting his wife up to fail her world record attempt so he could save her life in some sort of miraculous rescue attempt... except, sadly, she ended up dying... Is that guy still around? Still a major player in the freediving community? Or, has he been shunned due to that tragic incident (along with him seemingly having a pretty obnoxious personality)? I can't remember his name, but I was just curious to know whether or not he still plays a big role in the freediving scene. I just remember, back when that incident occurred and that poor woman passed away, many people were saying some pretty negative things about him. Apparently, from what I've heard, he's not the most pleasant person to be around.
@deanlaffan2390
Жыл бұрын
He was shunned for a long time, but just this year (2023) is making something of a return in a limited fashion ..
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
11 ай бұрын
You are talking about "Pipin", a Cuban freediver Francisco Ferreras. I haven't heard about him competing since 2019
@Strype13
11 ай бұрын
@@KAIZENFREEDIVING Yeah, Pipin, that's him! Kinda glad to hear he's no longer competing. I don't think the diving community had much respect for him after everything involving that tragic incident.
@deanlaffan2390
10 ай бұрын
@@KAIZENFREEDIVING As (would you believe) Head of Safety at a comp
@70kg589
9 ай бұрын
Wow!! Scary stuff but massive respect to these athletes👌👍
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
9 ай бұрын
Yes they are!
@ookiemand
Жыл бұрын
Hi Sergey, I think I already saw tension in Alexey just before 63m (12:58) on the way down, because then he moved his shoulders, indicating to me that he felt tense, or not as relaxed as usual. And remember that 103m was a pretty big jump from his previous failed attempt at a shallower dive.
@thesuperiorbench6307
Жыл бұрын
good spot
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
I agree. It was a big jump. Even now, when he successfully did 100 meters, I doubt that 103 is doable right now. In the future, it might be :)
@lincoln78
Жыл бұрын
I also noticed how Alexey made a movement with his shoulders in an attempt to relax.
@vkzkv
Жыл бұрын
CNF is always hard to Alexey - i personally think that this dive is hardly possible for him due to his body constitution - he have a really strong back which consumes too much o2 with armstrokes activating back muscles. And if you look at William - he have really long hands and "dry"/thin body, and even then he had to train really hard (only one discipline for several years if i remember correctly with multiple blackouts). So i think body composition is the main reason why Alexey will struggle with CNF, and also why he dominates in CWT (136m at latest AIDA comp)
@OscarRendon
Жыл бұрын
Let's see how his 100m CNF attempt goes today
@pengud485
Жыл бұрын
Very curious to see his dive today... Alexey has such incredible breathold that almost any record is possible for him, but he sure doesn't seem suited for CNF phisically
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
All that you wrote makes sense, no argument. But I don't think it is possible to assume what body type suits CNF better based only on one example (Trubridge). I think the main difference - is William committed to CNF entirely for many years, while Alexey takes it "lightly" - a world record attempt (not even 1 meter more, but 2), after two dives to 133 meters a few days! I think if he commits even a year for CNF only, he will smash the WR.
@pengud485
Жыл бұрын
@@KAIZENFREEDIVING Fully agree, you're right about the lack of sample size it's just...sensation based haha Wish him all the best for today! CNF is spectacular to see
@ussrusa6679
Жыл бұрын
@@OscarRendon 100m attemp looks good!
@nikolav984
7 ай бұрын
Wow ! Big respect for all those people! I am never rich more than 10 meters :) , What heapend if they black out at 100 meters? Is there safety divers or any way to save him or not? Sorry my english is not so well .
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
7 ай бұрын
There is a counter ballast system that can pull the rope up, with the diver attached to it (by safety lanyard).
@artoffighting06
Жыл бұрын
Great analysis! Thanks. ..now I miss my freediving days :/
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
Thank you! :)
@slashLTU
Жыл бұрын
Pepe and other divers had a stupid game challenge going on in VB of who is gonna do a more crazy pose to dive eye. Pure ego games, not taking depth serious. No proper breathup. Molchanov i think was not even supposed to be diving this deep. His pb in cnf was way below 130 at least from comp data. It looked like a total ego dive, considering he was diving WR depths days in a row. When you dont take ocean seriously, it will humble you. Thats exactly what happened. Pepe and Molchanov got humbled.
@alexward1824
Жыл бұрын
A. Molchanov's pb in cnf was 100m prior to this dive so it was absolutely within is capabilities, what possibly was the issue was recovery from 2 consecutive 133m WR dives. Hence his 100m CMAS WR yesterday. I think he humbled you yesterday :D
@slashLTU
Жыл бұрын
@@alexward1824acording to past 4 year data on AIDA official statistics his deepest cnf dive was 93m . Thats a high diff from 103. Even 100 is not the same as 103. it was a long shot. This is not to say Alexy is not a great freediver. But there clearly was a mistake made somewhere. It is important to learn from these mistakes. Ego is one of the elements in this sport. And it can be deadly.
@alexward1824
Жыл бұрын
@@slashLTU by VB rules an athlete can't announce more than 3m beyond ones PB, AMolchanov stated he had done the 100m a few months prior to VB. Highly doubt an experienced diver like him would declare a depth he woudn't think is in his capabilities. Recovery is the most probable cause of BO in my opinion XD
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
And as you can see, 100 meter dive was quite difficult for him. In this discipline (and in this depth range), the difference between 100 and 103 is huge. It took William 3 years to bit his own record 101 and dive to 102. All the best to Alexey, but at least this year, it's out of reach
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
I'm not sure how much ego was involved, but the lesson is learned :) Even if you relatively easy dive to 133 meters in CWT, "103 CNF" is a different animal 😎 All the best to Alexey, but absolute WR in CNF not this-next year. But hopefully I am wrong!
@zlo333
Жыл бұрын
that is so crazy, i would black out around 10 m on decend
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
You can do more than that !:)
@atkaspairt4088
Жыл бұрын
Well I guess Alexey looks up at around 50m to check or warn safety divers that something is going wrong
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
Unlikely. His safety divers still 30 meters away :)
@Strype13
Жыл бұрын
It's pretty obvious he looks up for the same reason anybody would look up in this particular predicament... to see how close they are to the surface. Kaizen specifically states that divers are trained to avoid doing this, however, when you feel like you're going to pass out... your body will involuntarily do things to try to keep itself safe which, in this case, is looking upward to help provide situational awareness.
@Slvmber
Жыл бұрын
this is an intense sport :D:D
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
It can be! When you are competing on the highest level! But not every freediver does so :)
@eliguaso22
Жыл бұрын
Amazing video. Thx!
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
Thank you for the feedback!❤️
@bensl67197
9 ай бұрын
Has there ever been anyone that blacked out in negative buoyancy below safety diver depth? What would happen in that case?
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
9 ай бұрын
Then, they activate a counter ballast system, which will pull the rope up with the diver (that is why we use lanyards)
@Staroy
Ай бұрын
I've never met a person that can't put their hands together above their head in the "streamlined" position. I was surprised of your take
@nickwells8028
Жыл бұрын
is it normal for safety to be at the 40 mark? I thought 30m generally. Did she drop down because she saw something?
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
The first safety diver is usually meet a freediver somewhere between 30 and 40 meters
@gennady5942
8 ай бұрын
Wondering how often was counterbalance activated during competitions. It means someone need to blackout deeper than safety freedives or pull the rope to signal that something is off?
@kbusse
Жыл бұрын
Alexey did not open his right eye properly at the end of the clip, pretty scary IMO.
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
11 ай бұрын
Yeah, deep black out is not a joke...
@ze2004
Жыл бұрын
this all its a grey area and things are getting better for better results. People being alive again to try again this its incredible...
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
11 ай бұрын
Agree. Freediving as a sport is relatively young, and we still have a lot of unanswered questions :)
@pjmvdbroek
Ай бұрын
This is pointless endangerment! Freediving shouldn't be competitive.
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Ай бұрын
What should be competitive?
@sebastiannai4381
13 күн бұрын
I wonder if PEDs may have played a part in this. These seem quite odd.
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
11 күн бұрын
Unlikely
@AI4IABETA
9 ай бұрын
Why don't they have a different rope that pulls you up faster😅 7:11
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
9 ай бұрын
Actually, it's possible to pull the rope (they have a counter ballast system in place). But safety divers will do it faster :)
@LykeArgy
Ай бұрын
100 meters under water? HOYL FCK, straight up, i'm having trouble with going 4 meters ......
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Ай бұрын
He has decades of training...
@LykeArgy
Ай бұрын
@@KAIZENFREEDIVING it's still mind boggling, how does the body even withstand the pressure
@Foreverenpointe
Жыл бұрын
The mind over matter on these free divers is incredible.
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
True!
@RenaudRolandHubertR2
Жыл бұрын
Was there ever a rescue using the counter balance system performed?
@adtfor
Жыл бұрын
yes and it's described in James Nestor's book "Deep", when they've lost a diver completely because the lanyard was torn off
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
Not often, but yes. The last, which remember (at least the one which became public), was a couple of years ago
@lisizecha9759
Жыл бұрын
I'm guessing after kicking from 40 meters, the rescue person will have an extra power bar or something...
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
11 ай бұрын
Yes, the person who is doing deepest safety must be an excellent freediver
@catherinecreativevideos
Ай бұрын
Omg your talking and pausing the video is so annoying
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Ай бұрын
Thank you for the feedback!
@CoreyGoldwaves
Жыл бұрын
"And dats when de Pepe started to f....up." Lol
@strelnikoff7
Жыл бұрын
And didn't stop :) crossing the line etc. weird
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
😄
@theonewhowas7709
3 ай бұрын
damn.. talk about highly trained saftey divers..... wow
@laurafaraj
Ай бұрын
Is it common not to use fins like that guy?
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Ай бұрын
There are different desciplines in freediving, some of them without fins
@Vladislav._..
2 ай бұрын
No gas narcosis, he just a poser, he likes to make an attention on himself😂😂😂
@ricardogonzalezcuquejo8673
7 ай бұрын
Bien por los buzos que velan por su seguridad fueron rápidos bendiciones
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
7 ай бұрын
Yes, they are safety angels!
@chahmed8802
2 ай бұрын
For second diver, he is a warrior but going for again was a big mistake and was enough already.
@hughtravels929
Жыл бұрын
wow crazy, glad they wereok. Big kudos to those safety divers and medical teams!
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
They are the guardians! ❤️
@mkurrajong
Жыл бұрын
Great video, very informative
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
Glad you enjoyed it
@tirayusup1589
4 ай бұрын
i am be a fraid...better if i go dinner and drink birrrr....🍲🍺
@slavasss2189
5 ай бұрын
А как можно с открытыми глазами так глубоко нырять? Не больно? И если зачешутся например на глубине, тратить энергию на чесание?
@lostpianist
Жыл бұрын
If he blacks out at 110m he dies?
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
No, the safety team will launch the conter ballast system and pull the rope (with a freediver attached to it) up to the surface
@lostpianist
Жыл бұрын
@@KAIZENFREEDIVING Phew... I always wondered about that...
@kookvision9295
6 ай бұрын
Two questions why do they do a rescue breath first and not jump straight in with oxygen? Why do people do this sport?
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
6 ай бұрын
Because for most of the situations, a black out diver gets back conscious after or even before the rescue breath. People practice freediving for many reasons (same as why people do any other sport).
@nighthealerrn1695
5 ай бұрын
Do they suffer brain damage after doing this a couple of times, eye or lung damage? What amazing safety workers!
@jigmebhutia3860
3 ай бұрын
Yes they die sometimes
@ChristopherSeCouchePugue5901
4 ай бұрын
How the hell do cameramen last so long and how the hell do they move fast underwater???
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
3 ай бұрын
It is an underwater drone:)
@ahmetsalci9127
7 ай бұрын
Hello, can you add Turkish subtitles to your videos, please
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
6 ай бұрын
I will :)
@kathleenr.6034
3 ай бұрын
But, why? why do you suppose someone would do that?
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
3 ай бұрын
Freediving is a beautiful sport, but accidents happen in any sport (or actually in any human activities), including freediving.
@shainamaraamista
Жыл бұрын
I know a person before who dive in the water and goes up after few hours... unfortunately he died of old age now..
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
11 ай бұрын
Sorry to hear that
@lilibombin6667
Жыл бұрын
Who films these videos ? Is it someone with an oxygen tank ?
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
It's a dron :)
@constantinnovikov8718
Жыл бұрын
Отличный акцент! Спасибо!
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
🙏
@tatyanabalu8107
Ай бұрын
Дааа, мне тоже нравится🌷
@madmed8131
4 ай бұрын
Scary...
@vmyk6816
2 ай бұрын
Этот русский «английский» не спутаешь не с чем))
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
2 ай бұрын
Рад за вас!!!))
@jestep9
11 ай бұрын
Any idea why they don’t have scuba or oxygen tanks available for emergencies.Any as an RT I can’t imagine why they wouldn’t. We’ll actually I do have a few ideas.
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
11 ай бұрын
Because if they use it for quick ascend severe decompression sickness is guaranteed
@a-project-96
3 ай бұрын
вот почему одному нырять не стоит...
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
3 ай бұрын
Абсолютно!
@ivyt3003
Жыл бұрын
must be very healthy indeed
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
11 ай бұрын
Such accidents happen extremely rarely :)
@shydncrumph8119
Жыл бұрын
misjudging ones ability by 30-40 sec is incredibly amateurish and nonchalantely putting ones life in the hands of safety divers and medical crews irresponsible. but seemingly this is all considered acceptable competition behaviour..... to each his own i guess.
@Strype13
Жыл бұрын
You clearly don't understand the mechanics behind competitive freediving. They are not "misjudging" timeframes. Length of breath-hold is not the issue here, at all, and has nothing to do with the cause of these blackouts.
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
11 ай бұрын
Yes, deep BO in most cases (though not always) is a sign that a freediver overestimated what he can do on this day
@captainkttyhwk
9 ай бұрын
look safe.
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
9 ай бұрын
Freediving is indeed a safe sport. But accidents happen. This is why there is always someone who is doing safety (on the competition, there is a safety team)
@AI4IABETA
9 ай бұрын
You got to suck the water out of him 8:22
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
9 ай бұрын
He didn't inhale water, so, there is no water in the lungs
@AI4IABETA
9 ай бұрын
Oh So when he goes on conscious, his body knows that there's water so it doesn't suck any in. Wooow. I can't believe the human body is that smart. Surprises me!!!+
@thesuperiorbench6307
Жыл бұрын
Beard looking vibes my man. Also this video is getting some good attention :)
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
Haha, thank you! :)
@Strype13
Жыл бұрын
Pffft. 🤣
@epiclegend87
Жыл бұрын
Great safety🐬
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
Agree!
@sassycassie709
4 ай бұрын
Those safety divers are amazing ❤❤ also I couldn’t even make it 20 meters if I tried lol
@nerdyengineer7943
8 ай бұрын
At 5:25 I think he did that for the camera.
@simon.annies
Жыл бұрын
As a new freediver who just got started, it looks to me like these guys were hyperventilating before diving, which I was tought never to do. Is that a specific risk that advanced divers take in competition to delay the breath instinct? Or is that another technique that I don't know of?
@girabbit
Жыл бұрын
They're not hyperventilating as that would be a deathwish at these depths. They are packing which is forcing additional air into the lungs to over inflate them. Not a good idea for beginners but fine once you have gradually stretched your lung capacity.
@simon.annies
Жыл бұрын
@@girabbit I see. Thanks for the explanation! There is probably a reason this wasnt mentioned in my level 1 course :D
@Strype13
Жыл бұрын
@@simon.annies Yeah, please do not attempt packing until you have the required experience and have been trained to properly utilize the technique. It is extremely dangerous if you don't know exactly what you're doing. That being said, as somebody who is in the early stages of training, I'm quite surprised you aren't aware of this technique considering all of the professional freedivers use it. Apparently, you haven't watched many freediving videos? Regardless, I wish you the best of luck in your new endeavor. Have fun out there, just remember, safety always comes first! 😃
@andrewhamilton2078
Жыл бұрын
@@simon.annies how deep does a level 1 free diver go? Maybe 30 or 40 meters?
@goaskmymom1350
11 ай бұрын
I have a 4' pool in my backyard but my COPD limits me to two feet and NO more! Very impressive what the human body can withstand, I had NO idea!
@urbaneplanner
Жыл бұрын
One thing that seems odd to me is that all the safety divers are also free diving - this seems counter intuitive on record attempts as it means there is no monitoring for most of the dives
@ew7512
Жыл бұрын
Do you mean in terms of safety or in terms of verifying the depth? In terms of verifying the depth, a bottom plate is dropped to the target depth on a rope and the diver has to grab a tag off of it. In terms of safety, the rescue divers have to be free divers too, so they can ascend quickly with the diver who is in trouble. Scuba divers have to ascend slowly to avoid the bends. They couldn't get the troubled diver to the surface in time.
@urbaneplanner
Жыл бұрын
@@ew7512 in terms of safety - because there is no one actually there for most of the depth - but your point about the limits of scuba ascending makes sense too - just not sure it results in adequate safety measures - what if something happens at the lowest part of the dive?
@KAIZENFREEDIVING
Жыл бұрын
If something happens before a safety diver reaches an ascending freediver, then the contr ballast system will be activated, and the rope will be lifted up with the freediver (he attached to the rope by the lanyard).
@urbaneplanner
Жыл бұрын
@@KAIZENFREEDIVING interesting - but how would people know if something has happened, for example if the diver loses consciousness?
@Strype13
Жыл бұрын
@@urbaneplanner 99% of blackouts happen at the surface or within a few meters of it because the partial pressure of oxygen in their cells decrease as they surface from the freedive. Oxygen is depleted as they metabolize it to fuel their muscles to move through the water; since they are holding their breath, they are not replacing the oxygen. The combined effects of ascending while the pressure surrounding their body is decreasing is what causes them to potentially lose consciousness -- and why it almost always occurs either at or relatively close to the surface.
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