Writing well means creating clear and well-articulated clauses, in order to convey the message properly and unequivocally. Therefore it's good to know the rules that are the basis of the formation of the period, namely the complex sentence formed by two or more simple clauses (or "proposizione"). Thus, in the following lesson we are going to see together how to analyze a clause. At the end of the video, you can test yourselves with some sentences to analyze.
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How to analyze a sentence in Italian
When we analyze a sentence we need to understand the functions of all the parts composing it and examine the relations that each of these have with the others, through 3 steps:
1) identifying the necessary and unmissable element: the proposizione principale (main clause), the one without which the whole sentence makes no sense. In fact, all the other clauses are optional additions that give more information on the action expressed in the main clause, but that could be left out.
2) identifying (if there are any) the proposizioni coordinate (coordinate clauses) and the subordinate (subordinate clauses).
the coordinate clause is a phrase that has a relationship of equality with the phrase to which it is linked and that it's therefore at the same level. It's possible to have coordinate clauses linked to the main clause but also to some subordinate clauses.
the subordinate clause is a phrase that has a relationship of dependency with the main clause or another subordinate, so it lacks its own autonomy (It doesn't make sense on its own). It's usually introduced by a preposition or a conjugation.
3) identifying the various characteristics of the subordinate clauses and coordinate clauses as well.
Coordinate Clauses
There are several types of coordinate clauses, depending on the conjugation they're introduced by:
- copulativa (copulative): it's introduced by some conjugations expressing a link that's similar to a summation, like: e, anche, pure, inoltre, né, neppure, nemmeno (and, also, as well, besides, (not) even)
Examples: "Ho cenato e sono andato a dormire" (I had dinner and I went to sleep)
"Non l’ho mai fatto, né mai lo farò" (I've never done it, and I never will)
- disgiuntiva (disjunctive): it's introduced by some conjugations that indicate an alternative possibility to what is said previously, like: o, ovvero, oppure, altrimenti (or, otherwise)
Examples: "Possiamo andare al mare oppure rimanere in casa" (We could go to the sea or stay at home)
"Mangialo, altrimenti finisce nella spazzatura" (Eat it, otherwise it ends up in the garbage)
- avversativa (adversative): it's introduced by some conjugations that express a contradiction, a contrast to the content of the previous clause, like: ma, però, tuttavia, anzi, peraltro, piuttosto, nondimeno, eppure (but, however, rather, nevertheless, yet)
Examples: "Ci ho litigato, ma mi manca" (I had a fight with him, but I miss him)
"Non è vegetariana, eppure non mangia la carne" (She is not vegetarian, yet she doesn't eat meat)
- esplicativa (explanatory): it's introduced by some conjugations that are used to explain what has been said previously, like: infatti, difatti, invero, cioè (in fact, namely, indeed, because)
Examples: "Prepareremo il vitello tonnato, cioè il piatto che i nostri nipoti preferiscono" (We are going to the veal with tuna sauce, namely our grandchildren's favorite dish)
"Ho mal di testa, infatti ho bevuto molto ieri sera" (I've a headache, because I drank a lot last night)
- conclusiva: it is held by some conjugations that are used to introduce logical deductions or conclusions like: quindi, dunque, perciò, pertanto, ebbene (so, thus, therefore, well)
Examples: "Ho sonno, quindi andrò a dormire" (I'm sleepy, so I'm going to sleep)
"Abbiamo vinto la lotteria, pertanto faremo un viaggio alle Maldive!" (We've won the lottery, therefore we'll go on a trip to the Maldives)
- correlativa (correlative): it's introduced by some conjugations that come in pairs and link the phrases with each other like: e... e, sia... sia, né... né, o... o, non solo... ma anche (both... and, (n)either... (n)or, not only... but also)
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Негізгі бет SENTENCE ANALYSIS in Italian: how to identify Main, Coordinate & Subordinate phrases 🇮🇹
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