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Sultan Abdul Hamid II was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, ruling from 1876 to 1909. He is known for his conservative and authoritarian attitude towards governance. Here are some key aspects of his attitude:
Centralization of Power: Sultan Abdul Hamid II believed in a strong central government and concentrated power in his own hands. He limited the power of the parliament and suppressed opposition movements.
Pan-Islamism: The Sultan was a strong advocate of Pan-Islamism, which aimed to unite Muslims worldwide under Ottoman leadership. He supported various Islamic causes and positioned himself as the Caliph, the spiritual leader of the Muslim world.
Resistance to Western Influence: Sultan Abdul Hamid II resisted Western influence and was skeptical of Western ideas and reforms. He aimed to preserve the traditional Ottoman way of life and culture.
Surveillance and Suppression: The Sultan established a vast network of spies and informants to monitor dissent and suppress opposition. He employed censorship, imprisonment, and exile as means to maintain control over the empire.
Modernization Efforts: While being conservative in many aspects, Sultan Abdul Hamid II also initiated some modernization efforts, especially in infrastructure development, education, and military reforms.
It is important to note that opinions about Sultan Abdul Hamid II's attitude can vary, and different sources may present different perspectives. Here are a few links where you can find more information:
"Sultan Abdul Hamid II: The Last Absolute Ruler of the Ottoman Empire" - by Dr. Ali Karaosmanoğlu:
Link: www.turkishculture.org/histor...
"Abdul Hamid II" - from Encyclopedia Britannica:
Link: www.britannica.com/biography/...
"Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the Modernization of the Ottoman Empire" - by Dr. Yavuz Selim Karakışla:
Link: www.cambridge.org/engage/api-...
Please note that the above information is based on historical accounts and research, and it is always recommended to consult multiple sources for a comprehensive understanding of any historical figure or topic.
accordance with an agreement made with the Republican Young Ottomans, he promulgated the Ottoman Empire's first Constitution,[4] which was a sign of progressive thinking that marked his early rule. However, in 1878, citing disagreements with the Ottoman Parliament,[4] he suspended both the short-lived constitution and the parliament. The modernization of the Ottoman Empire continued during his reign, including reform of the bureaucracy, the extension of the Rumelia Railway and of the Anatolia Railway, and the construction of the Baghdad Railway and of the Hejaz Railway. In addition, systems for population registration and control over the press were established, along with the first local modern law-school in 1898. The most far-reaching of the reforms occurred in education: many professional schools were established for fields including the law, arts, trades, civil engineering, veterinary medicine, customs, farming, and linguistics. Although Abdul Hamid II closed Istanbul University in 1881, it re-opened in 1900, and a network of secondary, primary, and military schools was extended throughout the empire. German firms played a major role in developing the Empire's railway and telegraph-systems.[4] This modernization cost the empire its economic sovereignty, as its finances came under control of the Great Powers through the Ottoman Public Debt Administration.
During Abdul Hamid's reign the Ottoman Empire became known for the massacres of Armenians and Assyrians of 1894-1896. Many attempts were made on Abdul Hamid's life during his reign. Amongst the many assassination attempts against him, one of the most famous is the Yıldız assassination attempt of 1905 by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.[5] Large sections of the Ottoman intelligentsia also sharply criticized and opposed him due to his use of secret police to silence dissent and the Young Turks movement.[6] In 1908, a secret revolutionary Young Turks organization known as the Committee of Union and Progress forced
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