Free Notes Download Link - t.me/jhansi_in... CHAPTER 3 Agriculture, Industry and Trade (1950-1990)
TECHNICAL REFORMS
SESSION 2022-23
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The problem of low productivity was tackled by way of technical reforms. These reforms evolved around HYV (High Yielding Variety) seeds.
Use of HYV seeds along with chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides led to substantial rise in the level of agricultural output.
The rise in output was so significant that it was called 'Green Revolution.
The Term Green refers to Crops and Revolution refers to Spurt(Significant Rise) Together these terms imply a spurt in Crop Production.
It Started happening in India inthe year 1967-68. In the Year 1967-68 itself food grain production increased by nearly 25 percent.
Technical Reforms: HYV Technology and Green Revolution
Elements of HYV Technology
(1) Use of HW Seeds: Since 1965, High Yielding Variety seeds started replacing the conventional varieties. HYV seeds gained popularity for Wheat, Bajra, Rice, Maize, Jowar and Cottonin Particular.
(2) Use of Chemical Fertilizers: Use of HYV seeds requires the use of fertilisers. As the use
of HYV increased, so did the use of chemical fertilisers.
The estimates of Fertiliser Association of India reveal that almost 272.28 lakh tonnes of chemical fertilisers were consumed in India during 2018-19.
(3) Use of Insecticides and Pesticides for Crop Protection: Along with fertilisers, the use of HYVs also requires the use of pesticides to protect the crops against pests and diseases. Fourteen Central Plant Protection Centres were set-up in this respect.
(4) Expansion of Irrigation Facilities: : HYV seeds need to be deeply irrigated. To cope with the need, several major and minor irrigation projects were launched across different parts of the couhtry.
It is significant that while in 1951, barely 17 per cent of land was under permanent means of irrigation, it increased to nearly 45 per cent during the plan period.
TWO DISTINCT PHASES OF GREEN REVOLUTION
During this phase, scope of Green Revolution was restricted largely to wheat and rice growing regions of the country. These included the states of Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. This is because the HYV Seeds require regular supply of water in addition to the use of fertilisers and pesticides in correct proportion.
Phase 1: Mid-60s-Mid-70s
During this phase, the impact of Green Revolution became widespread, covering most areas of the country and larger number of crops.
Phase 2: Mid-70s-Mid-80s
During Second phase the Government provided loans to the small farmers at a very low interest rate and subsidised fertilisers and pesticides.
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