Katharina Reiss’s work in the 1970s builds on the concept of equivalence
but views the text, rather than the word or sentence, as the level at which communication is achieved and at which equivalence must be sought.
Her functional approach aims initially at systematizing the assessment of translations. It borrows Karl Bühler’s three-way categorization of the functions of language. Reiss links the three functions to their corresponding language ‘dimensions’ and to the text types or communicative situations in which they are used.
In her book Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach (1988, revised edition 1995), the Vienna-based scholar, teacher and translator Mary Snell-Hornby reviews and attempts to integrate a wide variety of different linguistic and literary concepts in an overarching ‘integrated’ approach to translation. Coming from a predominantly German-theoretical
background, Snell-Hornby notably borrows the notion of prototypes for the categorizing of text types. Depending on the text type under consideration, she incorporates cultural history, literary studies, sociocultural and area studies, and, for legal, economic, medical and scientific translation, the study of the relevant specialized subject
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