The Gaesatae, or Gaesati, were a formidable group of Gallic mercenary warriors who played a significant role in the Battle of Telamon against the Roman Republic in 225 BC. These warriors resided in the Alps near the river Rhône and left an intriguing mark on history.
The etymology of the Gaulish name "Gaisatai" sheds light on the nature of these warriors. It literally translates to '(armed) with javelins' or 'spearmen,' originating from the Celtic noun *gaisos, meaning 'spear, javelin.' This term is cognate with the Old Irish gaiscedach, referring to an 'armed person, warrior, champion.' The stem 'gaisat-' is also found in various Gaulish proper nouns like Gaesatus and Gesatius, as well as in the compound Gesato-rix, meaning 'king-spear' or 'king-javelin.' Interestingly, the Greek historian Polybius interpreted "Gaisatai" as meaning 'mercenaries.'
Polybius' historical account provides insight into the Gaesatae's involvement in conflicts. The Boii and Insubres of Cisalpine Gaul paid the Gaesatae, led by Concolitanus and Aneroëstes, to combat the Romans. This was a response to the Roman colonization of Picenum, a former Gallic territory. The Gaesatae achieved initial success by defeating a Roman army on the approach to Rome. However, the consul Lucius Aemilius Papus intervened, leading to a confrontation at Telamon in Etruria.
Noteworthy is the distinctive way the Gaesatae approached battle, as described by Polybius. Unlike their Gallic allies who fought clothed, the Gaesatae fought naked, reflecting their confidence and a desire to avoid entanglement in brambles. Diodorus Siculus also noted that some Gauls fought naked, trusting in the protection of nature. The sight of these well-built, adorned warriors dismayed the Romans initially, but the lack of protection against Roman javelins led to the Gaesatae's retreat and the slaughter of their allies.
In 222 BC, the Gaesatae were hired once again, but they faced defeat by Roman cavalry at Clastidium in the Insubres territory. According to Plutarch, the Gaesatae numbered 30,000 as they crossed the Alps, with 10,000 engaging in the Battle of Clastidium.
Comparisons have been drawn between the Gaesatae and the medieval Irish fianna, mythical small war-bands of landless young men operating independently of any kingdom. This connection adds an intriguing layer to the historical understanding of the Gaesatae and their role in the complex tapestry of ancient conflicts. The Gaesatae, with their unique tactics and historical significance, stand as a testament to the intricate dynamics of warfare in the ancient world.
SOURCES:
www.worldhistory.org/
www.britannica.com/
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