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The Ganga River System
The Ganga River System, which includes several perennial rivers and non-perennial rivers, is the largest river system in India. It has its southern origins in the peninsula and northern origins in the Himalayas. It originates in the Gangotri glacier, very close to Gaumuk in Uttarkashi. It is called Bhagirathi at this point. The Ganga is the name given to the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alakhnanda in Devprayag.
The river system Ganga extends across Bangladesh, Nepal, Tibet, and India covering almost 10,86,000 square kilometers of area.
It makes up nearly one-fourth of India's total land area and is the country's biggest river basin covering nearly 8,61,452 square kilometers of area.
The sacred river is fueled by melting Himalayan snowfall, rain, and freshwater from tributaries.
The area covered by it includes the union territory of Delhi, the states of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh.
Ganga Drainage System
Alaknanda
Alaknanda is one of the Ganga's headstreams. In Uttarakhand, it emerges from the confluence and base of the Satopanth glacier and Bhagirath glacier. At Devprayag, when it emerges from the Bhagirathi River, it acquires the name Ganga. The Mandakini, Nandakini and Pindar rivers are its principal tributaries. Parts of the districts of Chamoli, Pauri, and Tehri are drained by the Alaknanda river system.
Bhagirathi
Bhagirathi headstreams join the Alaknanda at the Devprayag leading to the formation of the Ganga river. It is the most crucial headstream of the Ganga river. The Bhagirathi rises at Gaumukh, which is located at the height of 3892 metres above sea level, near the base of Chaukhamba peak, in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand, at the foothills of Gangotri glacier. Along the river, Gangotri, Tehri, and Uttarkashi were some of the significant townships.
Dhauliganga
It hails from Vasudhara Tal, called Uttarakhand's biggest glacier lake. One of the Alaknanda's significant tributaries, along with the Mandakini, Nandakini, Pindar and Bhagirathi, is the Dhauli Ganga. The Rishiganga river joins the Dhauliganga in Raini. At Vishnuprayag, it combines with the Alaknanda River. The Alaknanda then sheds its identity and continues to flow in the south-western direction until it meets the northbound Mandakini river at Rudraprayag. The Alaknanda continues past Srinagar after swallowing up Mandakini until it meets the Ganga at Devprayag. The powerful Ganga continues its voyage after Alaknanda vanishes, initially pouring south and then west, past significant pilgrimage sites like Rishikesh before finally plunging into the Indo-Ganga lands at Haridwar.
Rishiganga
The Rishi Ganga river rises through the Chamoli district in Uttarakhand. It emerges from the Nanda Devi mountains Utri Nanda Devi glacier. Near the townlet of Raini, it passes across the Nanda Devi National Park before joining the Dhauli Ganga river.
Ganga River Tributaries
The tributaries of the Ganga river are divided into two categories for easier understanding. These are as follows:
Ganga Right Bank Tributaries
Yamuna: The Yamuna river is one of the longest tributaries of the Ganga river system. The Yamunotri glacier acts as its source, which is 6316 km long and is found on the western foothills of the Bandarpunch range.
Son: This significant Ganga Southbank tributary provides water to the Amarkantak plateau. The river creates a series of waterfalls before flowing westward to Arrah, located in the west of Patna, the spot it enters the Ganga river system.
Punpun: The Punpun river rises in the Palamu district of Jharkhand and flows through Chatra, Aurangabad, Gaya, and Patna.
Ganga Left Bank Tributaries
Ghaghara: The glaciers in Mapchachungo are the source of the Ghaghara river. It traverses the Nepalese Himalayas before joining the Sharada river in Brahma Ghat, India. It joins the Ganga in Chhapra in Bihar and is a significant left-bank tributary to the Ganga river system. It is 1080 km long. The principal tributaries of this river are Sarju, Sharda, Rapti, and Chhoti Gandak.
Gandak: The Gandak River is created by the confluence of the Kali and Trisuli river, which originated in Nepal's great Himalayan range. It travels a tortuous 765 km before entering the Ganga in Sonepur, which is located in Patna.
Kosi: It is also known as the Saptakoshi. Saptakoshi is an ancient transboundary river that flows across Nepal and India and has seven Himalayan tributaries. Arun, Bhote Koshi, and Sun Kosi are a few of the rivers that originate in Tibet, which are a part of the Kosi river system. One of the Ganga's major tributaries, the Kosi river has a 729 km long stretch and meets Ganga in Kursela in the Katihar district.
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