Burushaski, a language spoken by a small and remote community in Pakistan, has intrigued linguists for decades. Described as "The Basque of South Asia," this linguistic isolate is a treasure trove of unique features, mysterious origins and a wealth of folk tales and customs preserved from their pre-Islamic beliefs.
In this video, we will look at a basic overview of Burushaski, including
• The complex morphology and the split ergative alignment.
• The distinctive four-gender noun classification,
• The case markers and unique possession category in Burushaski nouns.
We'll explore the various proposed connections of Burushaski to other language families, including:
• The Dené-Caucasian hypothesis, linking Burushaski to languages like Yeniseian and highlighting similarities in verbal and nominal prefixing.
• The Greater Yeniseian (Karasuk) hypothesis, proposing a connection between Burushaski and Yeniseian languages based on lexical parallels and pronoun correspondences.
• The new proposal of a relationship with Kartvelian languages, as suggested by Jan Henrik Holst.
Most importantly, we'll examine Ilija Čašule's intriguing proposal of Burushaski's Indo-European origins. Čašule argues for:
• Strong parallels in gender systems (surprisingly), case endings, and pronoun forms.
• Shared vocabulary, particularly in kinship terms, body parts, and shepherd-related terms.
• Specific correspondences with Phrygian, including lexical items and personal names.
We'll also touch upon the criticisms of these hypotheses and discuss the ongoing debate among scholars about Burushaski's place in the linguistic world. Don't forget to leave your opinions on the proposals raised in this video in the comments!
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*FYI, the stress in the term 'Burushaski' should be on the second syllable.
Selected Sources in Order of Appearance (additional sources are cited in screen)
Smith, A. D. (2017). Burushaski. In L. Campbell (Ed.), Language isolates (1st ed., pp. 22). Routledge
Wilson, S. R. (1996). Verb agreement and case marking in Burushaski. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (North Dakota Session), 40, 1-71.
Munshi, S. (2006). Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, language contact, and change (Doctoral dissertation). University of Texas.
Bengtson, J. D. (1997a). Ein Vergleich von Buruschaski und Nordkaukasisch. Georgica, 20, 88-94.
Bengtson, J. D. (1997b). Basque and the other Dene-Caucasic languages. In A. K. Melby (Ed.), The Twenty-Third LACUS Forum (pp. 63-74). Chapel Hill, NC: LACUS.
Blažek, V. (2020). NA-DENE NUMERALS. Mother Tongue, 22(1), 111-132.
Kozintsev, A. (2023). The Dene-Caucasian Macrofamily: Lexicostatistical Classification and Homeland. Mother Tongue, 24(1).
Bengtson, J. D. (2008). Materials for a comparative grammar of the Dene-Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) languages. In Aspects of Comparative Linguistics (Vol. 3, pp. 45-118). Moscow: RSUH
Vajda, E. J. (2015). Yeniseian peoples and languages: A history of Yeniseian studies with an annotated bibliography and a source guide (1st ed.). Routledge. (Original work published 2002).
van Driem, G. (2001). Burushaski and beyond. In Languages of the Himalayas (2 vols., pp. 1177-1221). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Členova, N. L. (1972). Chronologija pamjatnikov karasukskoj ėpochi. In Materialy i issledovanija po archeologii SSSR (No. 182). Moskva: Izd. "Nauka".
Bengtson, J. D. (2010). "Dene-Yeniseian" and the rest of Dene-Caucasian: Part 3: The Burusho-Yeniseian (Karasuk) hypothesis; Part 4: Burusho-Dene. Working Papers in Athabaskan Languages (Alaska Native Language Center Working Papers No. 8).
Hamp, E. P. (2013). The expansion of the Indo-European languages: An Indo-Europeanist’s evolving view. Sino-Platonic Papers, (239), 1-13.
Čašule, I. . (2023). The Indo-European Origin of the Burushaski Language and the Dene-Caucasian Hypothesis. Journal of Asian Civilizations, 45(2), 75-138.
Čašule, I. (2012). Correlation of the Burushaski pronominal system with Indo-European and phonological and grammatical evidence for a genetic relationship. Journal of Indo-European Studies, 40(1-2), 59-153.
Loporcaro, M. & Paciaroni, T. (2011). Four-gender systems in Indo-European. Folia Linguistica, 45(2), 389-433.
Bengtson, J. & Blažek, V. (2011). On the Burushaski-Indo-European hypothesis by I. Čašule. Journal of Language Relationship, 6(1), 25-64.
Čašule, I. (2011). The Indo-European etymology of Burushaski -skir ‘father-in-law’ and -skus ‘mother-in-law’. Acta Orientalia, 72, 159-178.
Čašule, I. (2016). Evidence for the Indo-European and Balkan origin of Burushaski. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Čašule, I. (2014). Evidence for a Burushaski-Phrygian connection. Acta Orientalia, 75(1), 3-30.
Негізгі бет Ойын-сауық The Indo-European Origin of Burushaski
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