#historical_evolution_of_states #oriental_empires
Oriental city states quickly evolved empires due to climate, geography and inventive genius of men like in East; Asia and Africa
Cradles of civilization is a location where civilization is understood to have
emerged e.g. in Iraq, Iran Egypt, China
Due to natural resources of river-valleys enabled a powerful aggressive tribe to conquer vast territories and enslave large population and thus became an empire.
The early empires of the world e.g. Babylonia, Assyrian, Persian, Egyptian,
Chinese were established by the ppl who had first learnt art of city-life.
Oriental empires were land empires and their economy was based n agriculture and slavery
Their peasants were most conservative persons and has to tolerate taxes and extortions, if not then tolerate all kinds of tyranny and misrule.
For peasants the distance between God and the kin was one degree so they have to tolerate all kinds of tyranny and misrule this was the secret of permanence and stability of ancient empires of the East.
The power of emperor was based on military and priestly classes
Society was divided into 2 classes; slave and free
But free had not much of freedom
The authority of ruler was despotic and unlimited at center but weak and unstable in distant provinces
Hence a provincial governor often became independent ruler themselves
In this way political power shifted from city to city, capital to capital, province to province and from dynasty to dynasty
Hence oriental emperors presented a strange picture of strength and weakness, anarchy and order, unstability and stagnation.
Difference Between Tribal Kingdom and Oriental Empire
Tribal Kingdom
The tribal state was based on kinship relations.
The tribe was organized on social equality.
The tribal chief was really among the equals
The membership of tribal state was determined by birth bur when a stranger once became a member, he enjoyed almost equal rights.
The Oriental Empire
Oriental empire was based on conquest and force.
The empire was organized on inequality of rich and poor, the free and slave etc
Oriental king or emperor was master of all or even worshiped as a God.
The membership depends upon conquest, force and did not enjoy equality of rights
Merits of Oriental Empire
The autocracy of oriental kings was limited by customs, religion and tradition
For all its weakness and instability, the oriental empire created conditions of peace but not invented rapid means of communication and social control
Though politically unstable, the oriental empires created a stable society in which arts of peace and culture were greatly developed
A Theory of origin of Oriental Empires
Karl a. Wittfogel expounded an interesting theory of origins of oriental empires having 2 things
Large work-force of free slaves labourers in order to build dams, dig canals and maintain them for irrigation and flood control purposes
A large ruling class of officers, supervisors and other to manage, supervise and direct the free and slave work-force.
Empires were politically weak though socially stable
Citizens and subjects had no political rights or liberty
King was unchecked by popular will and was despotic monarch
He was really a tax-collector and a slave driver
The power of emperor was based on military and priestly classes
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