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It's 1541. John Frederick I and Philip of Hesse attack the last Catholic prince in the north of Germany. As soon as Charles V makes peace with the French and the Ottomans, he starts to mobilize forces from all across the Empire against the Protestants. The Schmalkaldic League decides to strike preemptively, but ultimately they fail to stop the Emperor from concentrating his forces. Next Ferdinand I and Maurice of Saxony attack in the north. The league forces are split and the Protestants are crushed at the Battle of Muhlberg.
The Augsburg Interim satisfies no one, so the Second Schmalkaldic War starts with French involvement. Charles is forced to grant religious freedom at the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.
Meanwhile the Catholics begin the Counter-Reformation. The first reforming pope is Adrian VI, but his papacy is short lived. Paul III is more successful, organizing the Council of Trent, a milestone of Catholicism. The Society of Jesus (or Jesuits) is founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola. The inquisition is implemented in Catholic countries, and an index of forbidden books is published.
As confessionalism takes hold over Europe, Calvinists are on a crash course with Protestants. Soon the French Wars of Religion and the Dutch Revolt will start, followed by the Thirty Years War.
Bibliography:
Collinson, P (2006). The Reformation A History
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McNeill, J T (1967). The History and Character of Calvinism
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Hart D G (2013). Calvinism A History
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Nauert, C G (1995). Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe
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MacCulloch, D (2003). The Reformation
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Harline, C (2017). A World Ablaze The Rise of Martin Luther and the Birth of Reformation
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Sessions, K C (1968). Reformation and Authority: The Meaning of the Peasants' Revolt
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Miller, D (2003). Armies of the German Peasant's War 1524-26
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Parker, C H (2007). Between the Middle Ages and Modernity
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Viesner-Hanks, M E (2006). Early Modern Europe 1450-1789
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Cobbett, W (2012). A History of the Protestant Reformation In England & Ireland
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Dixon, C S (2020). Interpreting Early Modern Europe
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0:00 Schmalkaldic War
3:50 Second Schmalkaldic War
5:13 Counter-Reformation
8:50 Trouble on the Horizon
#reformation #counterReformation #jesuits
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