The Vajont disaster occurred on the evening of 9 October 1963, in the new artificial hydroelectric basin of the Vajont stream in the valley of the same name (on the border between Friuli and Veneto), when a landslide fell from the overhanging slope of Monte Toc into the waters of the Alpine basin. built with the homonymous dam; the consequent overflow of the water contained in the reservoir, with the effect of washing out the shores of the lake, first involved Erto and Casso, villages near the lake shore after the construction of the dam, while the overcoming of the dam by the generated wave caused the flooding and destruction of the inhabited areas of the Veneto valley floor, including Longarone, and the death of 1917 people, including 487 children under 15 years of age.
At 10:39 pm on October 9, 1963, about 270 million m³ of rock (a volume more than double that of the water contained in the reservoir) slid, at a speed of 30 m / s (110 km / h), into the artificial basin below (which contained about 115 million m³ of water at the time of the disaster) created by the Vajont dam, causing a wave of flood tricuspid that exceeded the crowning of the dam by 250 m in height and that partly went up the slope opposite, destroying all the towns along the shores of the lake in the municipality of Erto and Casso, in part (about 25-30 million m³) bypassed the building (which remained substantially intact, despite having suffered forces 20 times higher than those for which it had been designed, albeit deprived of the carriage road located at the top) and poured into the Piave valley, almost completely destroying the town of Longarone and the neighboring municipalities, and partly fell on the landslide itself (creating a lake). There were 2018 victims of which 1450 in Longarone, 109 in Codissago and Castellavazzo, 158 in Erto and Casso and 200 originating from other municipalities.
Along the banks of the Vajont lake, the villages of Frasègn, Le Spesse, Il Cristo, Pineda, Ceva, Prada, Marzana, San Martino, and the lower part of the town of Erto were destroyed. In the Piave valley the villages of Longarone, Pirago, Faè, Villanova, Rivalta were razed, and the villages of Codissago, Castellavazzo, Fortogna, Dogna and Provagna were deeply damaged. There was also damage in the municipalities of Soverzene, Ponte nelle Alpi, in the city of Belluno in Borgo Piave, in the municipality of Quero Vas, and in the hamlet of Caorera where the Piave, swollen by the wave, flooded the village and reached the presbytery of the church .
The event was due to a series of causes, the last of which in chronological order was the raising of the waters of the artificial lake beyond the safety altitude of 700 meters wanted by the managing body, an operation officially carried out for the testing of the plant, but with the plausible purpose of making the landslide fall into the reservoir in a controlled manner, so that it no longer constitutes a danger. This, combined with a situation of abundant meteorological precipitations and strong negligence in the management of possible dangers due to the particular hydrogeological structure of the slope of Mount Toc, accelerated the movement of the ancient landslide present on the northern slope of Mount Toc, located on the border between the provinces of Belluno (Veneto) and Pordenone (Friuli-Venezia Giulia). The models used to predict the modalities of the event turned out to be wrong, however, as they were based on a highly underestimated sliding speed of the landslide in the reservoir, equal to one third of the actual one.
In February 2008, during the International Year of Planet Earth declared by the United Nations General Assembly, in a session dedicated to the importance of the correct understanding of the Earth Sciences, the Vajont disaster was mentioned, along with four other events, as an exemplary case of avoidable disaster caused by the failure of engineers and geologists to understand the nature of the problem they were trying to address.
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