The only thing I'd add to the question about the wrench is that it will eventually come back to earth due to atmospheric drag. It's why the station pushes the gas pedal every once in a while to maintain orbit. Although the atmosphere is SUPER thin up there, it's not zero resistance. It may take a few decades for that wrench to "come home" but it'll get there.
@caldodge
Сағат бұрын
The old battery pack discarded from ISS had a much greater mass to surface area ratio than a wrench, and it took less than 4 years to reenter the atmosphere. The wrench would probably take even less time to do so.
@joaodecarvalho7012
3 сағат бұрын
I like the idea that at the beginning of time, matter and antimatter annihilated each other, but random fluctuations produced a little bit more matter than antimatter, and that little bit is today's universe.
@tonywells6990
5 сағат бұрын
To make a tool fall back to Earth (from the space station) within a few 93 minute orbits you only need to throw it behind you (good luck with that!) at about 200 metres/second or about 460 miles per hour. That way it should drop low enough to start re-entering the Earth's atmosphere, and spacecraft returning to Earth usually do a burn of 200m/s.
@harryebbeson
4 сағат бұрын
Asuria a great question and answer!
@aalhard
3 сағат бұрын
17:55 Sir, you win the Internet with that black hole comparison😂😂 Frog\blender=human\bh😊
@goldenbear8696
3 сағат бұрын
Many years ago , on holiday in Norway, I collected a small lump of granite from a quarry. I subsequently discovered that the lump is some 400 million years old . So now I look at it each day knowing it has been round the entire galaxy , twice. Interesting.
@ltousch
49 минут бұрын
Alaris. I love the way you're explaining it. It was so clear and precise. The best answer of the video.
@ltousch
50 минут бұрын
The metaphor of the frog in front of a blender got me!
@taeron6952
Сағат бұрын
I cannot pick the single best thing, so I will say: Alaris, Edora and Jenev were good questions and good answers! Keep up the good work!
@dougirvin2413
2 сағат бұрын
Alaris...great way to explain our place in the universe! It's all I can do to figure out Google Maps! Keep up the good work, we're all counting on you!
@Shawn_M
Сағат бұрын
I learned about orbital mechanics reading 'Seveneves'. Prints actually made sense after that
@ncdave4life
Сағат бұрын
Chulak. I had no idea that the spiral arms are density waves. Thanks for educating me!
@smorrow
2 сағат бұрын
Radio goes in a straight line from the ISS to the ground. So somewhere _between_ rocket speeds and the speed of light is a speed that can take you to the ground directly.
@HitsuHits
5 сағат бұрын
CGP Grey’s The mostest closest planet referenced :D
@tylorbarker9287
4 сағат бұрын
would be really cool to catch up to the Voyagers and give them a refurbishment and a boost.
@donsample1002
3 сағат бұрын
If you could catch them, you have the ability make something a lot better, going a lot faster.
@tylorbarker9287
4 сағат бұрын
oh hey, I caught this one live :P
@ConeOfConfusionBalls
54 минут бұрын
Yay team Fraser Cain! Keep kicking butt!
@smartyy86
4 сағат бұрын
Question: In Alaris you described in awesome detail the Orbit of our Sun in the Milky Way. One orbit takes 12mio Years, which means that we only have reliable data for some decades? how, and with what error margins can be rely on such information, especially since dark matter seems to interfere with the rotation of galaxies, dependent on the amount of dark matter (Which we don't know?): how is the statistical reliability on such data?
@BigTimeRushFan2112
4 сағат бұрын
dark matter is philosophy, not science. so don't worry about it.
@MrBishop077
Сағат бұрын
Hebridan, Thank you for the extra explanation in the second half of the answer. It is something i had wondered about often, and had a guess similar to your answer but never knew for 'sure'.
@bdr420i
2 сағат бұрын
I'm very sorry but only your voice makes me sleep at night but then I return in the morning to watch your videos you and your team are a gift from heaven and we love you ❤️
@jeremyeharris
2 сағат бұрын
Chulak. I learned something I didn't know today. Thank you
@blairseaman461
4 сағат бұрын
Such a bummer, man. We live out in the boondocks. Nothing ever happens out here. All the excitement happens in the center. GAH!
@Spherical_Cow
3 сағат бұрын
It's all the excitement that tends to periodically sterilize everything in the neighborhood. "Boring" is good if the goal is to spend billions of years gradually evolving life until it attains advanced levels of intelligence and technology.
@blairseaman461
3 сағат бұрын
@@Spherical_Cow Yup. Good point, but I'm still gonna continue construction on my shelter for when that other galaxy gets here. I even have an awesome collection of Space Pens just in case...so...you know...prepared! Ciao
@ericv738
Сағат бұрын
You sound like Luke in episode 4 heh
@e-memers9441
4 сағат бұрын
Finally we get Stargate gonna name
@Terry-m7n
4 сағат бұрын
Love the channel, I'll think of a question next time
@archmage_of_the_aether
3 сағат бұрын
Try "what would be a good question to ask?"
@ToTheGAMES
6 минут бұрын
Follow-up / question for Alaris question about the/our position in the Milky Way; Do we lose planets/stars/etc from the Milky Way? If so, how does that happen? No more pull at the tail ends maybe?
@TheNordicCat
5 сағат бұрын
Hey Fraser, do you think photon sieves will replace lenses and mirrors in future telescopes, or are they just a niche technology for cubesats? And have you ever looked through a photon sieve telescope?
@loft82
2 сағат бұрын
Love the question "ARDENA" and deffently your rant to it Fraser .!! Wish this new age with all the Possetive, will figure out how to include human beings well-being... (Sadly I'm weary sceptical of this happening anytime soon)
@parthhappy
3 сағат бұрын
I would go for Dakara this time :)
@petermoore9504
5 сағат бұрын
I wonder if they could crash the ISS into the moon. It might leave parts or just material that could potentially be used by a Moonbase sometime in the future?
@Ionut-bg6vw
5 сағат бұрын
Well yeah but the speed needed and some 400tons of metal
@somethingforsenro
4 сағат бұрын
they could crash the iss into the moon in the same sense as they could have sent hubble to pluto. eventually, with enough investment, it's possible; but… why? and at what cost?
@pauldavis1943
3 сағат бұрын
Great idea to take your telescope to a public place. We do this with our spotting scope when we hunt for whales. Always cool to see someone cry when they see a whale for the first time. Same thing with Saturn. 😊
@fk319fk
4 сағат бұрын
The wrench is thrown in space. A better question is, what is the escape velocity at the space station?
@Spherical_Cow
3 сағат бұрын
Not appreciably different than the escape velocity at Earth's surface - which is about 11.2 km/s. ISS is already moving at 7.7 km/s, so starting from the ISS you'd only need to add another 3.5 km/s to escape from Earth's gravitational well (but you'll still be orbiting the Sun, not to mention the Milky Way's center of mass.)
@hive_indicator318
5 минут бұрын
@@Spherical_Cowa mere 12,600 km/hr? (It looked easily achievable until I did the math. lol)?
@PitchWheel
3 сағат бұрын
Would you please describe why galaxies like our own have the central bar and not a disc? Are there other gravitational systems with different sizes that show the same phenomenon? Thank you Fraser.
@TheMsPetal
Сағат бұрын
Ardena!!!
@ericsjewett
3 сағат бұрын
Belsa - We can never test or observe what's inside a black hole, obviously, but what can modelling tell us about what happens when a neutron collapses? Whatever is inside a black hole still has gravity, but can we tell anything else or model what that collapsed neutron becomes short of a theoretical singularity?
@epzapp
3 сағат бұрын
How do you measure rotation around something liquid and boiling or around other moving/changing things? Like the earth around the sun or the sun around the center of the galaxy? Feels like it's hard to establish an exact reference.
@aatragon
3 сағат бұрын
Chulak. I have always wondered: Where is the Solar System currently within its arm? Is it on a crest, in the middle, etc.? Does that mean that the distances between local systems are compressed or enlarged periodically? What happens when they are, and would we be able to know?
@MarkBrinkhuis
3 сағат бұрын
Chulak best question
@Quartermaster_77
4 сағат бұрын
We all living in a yellow submarine !
@robwalker4548
5 минут бұрын
Clarification just to make sure I am right. We would be dead on a neutron star but deader in black hole! Got it.😂
@KC98561
4 сағат бұрын
Kind of but if you throw a wrench at earth straight down, eventually it will come straight back up like it hit a rubber band and will crash into the space station.
@donsample1002
2 сағат бұрын
In the case of the ISS it would be back in about 45 minutes. Something similar happens if you throw it sideways.
@garyknoetze6469
3 сағат бұрын
Ardena
@martinrwolfe
Сағат бұрын
Presonaly I would prefer the ISS to be boosted to a much higher graveyard/mothball orbit than deorbited. That way in the future it could it would be available for turning into a museum or even having one buit around it as its own systems would no longer be usable. The only question then becomes how much more expence is requiered for the extra delta-V for boosting to a graveyard/mothball orbit compared to the for deorbiting.
@RAZTubin
3 сағат бұрын
The Internal Space Station should be turned into an Airbnb.
@parthhappy
3 сағат бұрын
I have a question. Is it possible to utilize the kinetic energy of a fast moving object in space and use it to generate energy by slowing it down? Kind of like a sling shot but generate electricity rather than increase its speed.
@robertcathcart4820
2 сағат бұрын
I've heard that antimatter accumulates in the magnetospheres of planets. Could enough be harvested for it to be a useful or economical supply?
@MrCoxmic
Сағат бұрын
Hebridan, black holes and antimatter in the same zero-point space
@jamesfowley4114
3 сағат бұрын
Asuria. Is the tool bag that was lost several years ago still orbiting?
@frasercain
3 сағат бұрын
Probably not, objects at that height will de-orbit within a couple of years.
@Kadath_Gaming
2 сағат бұрын
Is it likely then, following on from the shrinking visible Universe, that those future scientists would be able to detect the background hum of distant black holes far beyond the visible cosmic horizon? If yes, can we do the same thing now...?
@sin6grimreaper483
4 сағат бұрын
Hi Fraser, I have a question about the magnetic force vs the gravitational force. Is it possible to derive a calculation, as Karl Scharzschild did for event horizons, to imagine the magnetic force required to overcome the gravitational force in order to pull something back after it has passed a black hole event horizon. Despite that it may not be possible imagine a magnetar orbiting near the event horizon of a black hole and it being able to pull something out that has just crossed the event horizon. I’m just curious what the for would be; for example, 2/3/4 multiples of infinite energy or something else?
@sin6grimreaper483
4 сағат бұрын
And perhaps as an imaginary follow up: if something amplified or somehow multiplied the strength of the magnetic field of a magnetar could it trap light within the magnetic field just as a black hole can trap light within its gravitation field?
@nitestryker7
2 сағат бұрын
I feel like distances are not necessarily the problem. The true problem is time. We don't yet have long enough lifespans to actually get anywhere like other stars or beyond. Single human lifetimes are just too short. I think we have a better chance with generational spaceships.
@smorrow
2 сағат бұрын
So if I'm understanding it, are the spiral arms an example of a longitudinal wave? I'm so sick of "sound" being the only ever example.
@ObiWanCannabi
Сағат бұрын
if you threw an object awsy from the station it would end up coming back to the station half way around your orbit it would end up returning to sender at the same pace it left..
@Jim-tv2tk
4 сағат бұрын
I haven't watched, but to answer the question.... I assume that guy is in a stable orbit so the wrench would need to be thrown really really fast retrograde to fall. Not humanly possible. Although if it's low orbit, eventually it would slow and fall back to earth.
@ryanswiegers9370
4 сағат бұрын
Seen as the sun is moving around he galaxy will Alpha Centauri always be the closest star to us? Should we wait for another star to move closer before trying to travel to it?
@kloppskalli
Сағат бұрын
The question was what would happen if I were pointing the wrench toward Earth and not forward or backward from the Space Station
@edunger1313
3 сағат бұрын
Question - since Earth's electro-magnetic field deflects solar/cosmic radiation from the planet, is it feasible for a spacecraft to generate its own field to protect astronauts and equipment from harm?
@tonywells6990
5 сағат бұрын
After the big bang there was thought to be something like a billion times more matter/antimatter around than there is now, which really shows just how little matter and dark matter (so there was a few hundred million times more matter than dark matter, probably, back then) there is around today compared to the first fraction of a second. All of that enormous amount of energy was 'lost', or diluted away, as the universe rapidly expanded.
@mhult5873
5 сағат бұрын
Is it continuing to dilute at the present moment nbecause of the continuing expansion of space-time? Br
@tonywells6990
4 сағат бұрын
@@mhult5873 Yes, currently the energy density of that radiation is something like a few millonths of the total energy, in the universe (which is now dominated by dark energy) but the energy density of radiation used to dominate over matter (which is also diluted by expansion) in the first few 10's of thousands of years.
@ObiWanCannabi
Сағат бұрын
the whole universe is all about orbital mechanics, you dont feel gravity, you feel space trying to pull you down to your stationary point in relativity. your stationary point anywhere on earth is the centre, the more speed you add the bigger your orbit, until you are at our ground level, add more speed and you end up at the space stations height... but if you started at the core all speed is orbital velocity.. the earth isnt spherical in 3D space, its flat.. its spherical when you add the 4th dimension, time.. its best to map 3D earth as cone shaped like they did for the observable bubble, take its radius as the cones height, and circumference as the diameter of the circle on top of the cone, and you mapped 3D space in the dimension of time, all perfectly circular orbits will be shown as the straight lines in space that they are... if you extend the cone to infinity you can plot any orbit as a straight line between the cones of causality, until its interacted by an outside force... You can do this for any massive object, even the observable universe.. weird thing about time dilation, 13.5 billion years ago the universe was still 13.5 billion years in radius, and 135 billion light years from the centre to the edge of the observable bubble, orbits are the real cosmological constant. no matter how dilated space and time are, an orbit always seems like its the same speed and math involved.. even around the "big bang" I can make a stable universe in the centre of a black hole, its evaporation and cooling accounting for the expansion of spacetime.. its not expanding, the universal tick rate is speeding up as space dilates. it used to be that time ticked way slower.. If i had a magic remote, where i could manipulate spacetime, i could pause my dilation and rewind the universe, in 13.5 billion years it all comes back to look like a singularity right in front of me, but if i didnt pause my dilation i would have shrank with the wave.. from an observers perspective I grew in the 4th dimension as time was reversed until i was larger than the observable universe and my light was red shifted to oblivion... If I simply set off now in any direction at the speed of light it would take me 135 billion light years to reach the big bang, the shorter path is that journey in 4D space, i just need to expand to travel back, or shrink to travel forward in time, once I get there i should fall onto my right orbital path for my travel in the 4th dimension, just like changing orbits is a matter of adding more energy in space to change orbital lines. it should work the same in the dimension of time. its hard to explain.... Imagine if you shrank down tho so a hydrogen atom was the size of a star, the universe outside would red shift to oblivion, it would be like time travel forward in time.. the IR lightwaves of the atom blue shifted from your perspective, it might look like a plasma ball in space rather than a collection of buckey balls around a proton.. If you was larger than a galaxy then a star would feel as warm to you as an LED light bulb.. scale and perspective seem to be everything in the universe.. there doesnt seem to be an absolute limit to things.. how do you keep cutting an atom in half, when its just a rippling wave of energy in quantum dynamics.. its just field energy... different scales and perspectives, its the same math that predicts a puddle of water evaporating and uranium decay, if you tweak C.. we use water to model supersonic air because it acts the same way... tick rates change a solid into a liquid or gas, look at the earth sped up fast enough and its surface is moving like a semi molten pool of magma
@ObiWanCannabi
Сағат бұрын
you cant fall into a black hole, the event horizon is a place where space and time twist so hard there is no route to source, all mass gets torn apart and redistributed as energy at the poles, its the only straight line out of the singularity well.. imagine space being s warped that even a lightwave cant find a route to source, a proton sized laser beam would be refracted in any direction but in... if massless light cant make the journey, then mass doesnt stand a chance, a 1 mtr cube of spacetime would be spaghettified so each end was either side of the singularity.. if you was inside it then you get elongated until your atoms cant take the tidal forces. it might feel totally normal for you, until it got real painful
@raybell2001
2 сағат бұрын
Why not boost the orbit of the ISS so that its metals can be mined and reused instead of mining an asteroid.
@smorrow
2 сағат бұрын
Could we ever work out exactly how many years old the universe is? Where exactly does the 13.77 billion years figure come from? Is there no way we could date all the hydrogen atoms we have from the big bang?
@sigma2551
4 сағат бұрын
So what would happen if you throw the wrench directly at the earth?
@Captain-Cardboard
4 сағат бұрын
This is what I assumed the question was about, but he started talking about throwing it in front of you or behind you?
@Captain-Cardboard
4 сағат бұрын
To my mind, they're orbiting at what, 200 miles up? So If I throw something directly at the point below me on the Earth at 20mph by the time I've done another orbit it's 30 miles below me. And then in another orbit's time it's 60 miles below me. And so on. Eventually it hits the atmosphere and starts to burn, no?
@tonywells6990
4 сағат бұрын
@@Captain-Cardboard Throwing it behind you slows it down and so lowers the minimum altitude (periapsis) and is the best way to return something to Earth. Throwing it directly towards the Earth will result in minimal altitude change (almost no change), but increases the maximum altitude (apoapsis). Throwing it in front (at periapsis) increases the apoapsis.
@Spherical_Cow
3 сағат бұрын
You would miss. The wrench's resulting orbit would be offset from yours slightly; if yours was perfectly circular, the wrench's would become slightly elliptical.
@smorrow
2 сағат бұрын
Do you know about the components of a vector? There's a really easy way to understand this if yes. So, by throwing it you've increased its velocity in the "towards earth" direction. But, one half of an orbit later, it still has your contribution to that component in that direction, which is now the direction AWAY from earth, so it's a wash.
@b.r.409
4 сағат бұрын
I keep hearing that nobody really knows about the physics of what goes on inside a black hole. At what point do our math models and theoretical understanding break down? We don’t even know if the entire mass of the star collapse into a single point. True? Do our particle physics models break down immediately after neutron degeneracy pressure is overcome by gravity? If not, how much further beyond that pressure are we able to model the collapse of a massive star?
@ReinReads
3 сағат бұрын
Models breakdown at the event horizon. Nothing escapes for us to observe so beyond tat it’s pure theoretical physics with no chance of confirming any theories.
@Spherical_Cow
3 сағат бұрын
Inside the event horizon, any piece of matter or any force carrier (photon, gluon, etc.) has to move faster than light just to stand still. Since nothing can move faster than light, everything (including light) falls down into the singularity. For non-rotating black holes (which don't really exist in real life), the singularity is a zero-dimensional, infinitely small point. For rotating black holes, the singularity is a one-dimensional, infinitely thin ring. Density becomes infinitely high at the singularity, where all recognizable matter and energy ceases to exist, as it all gets squished down into a space with zero volume. Basically, all of the infalling matter and energy gets smeared out, unravelled as it were, and converted into pure spacetime curvature, which gets added to the black hole's existing spacetime curvature, deepening it further.
@b.r.409
2 сағат бұрын
I think I did not communicate my question well. Do we even know there is a singularity at the center of black holes? After breakdown of the neutron degeneracy force, how do we know all the star matter will continue its collapse until a singularity? Maybe something else happens in the midst of that collapse. Maybe warpage of space is linked with the collapse somehow, in a way to stall collapse of all the matter into a single point.
@Spherical_Cow
Сағат бұрын
@@b.r.409 we know because, again, nothing can hold a fixed position inside the black hole: everything that crosses the event horizon ends up in the singularity. There is no possible degeneracy pressure - no matter how exotic or as-yet unknown - that can resist this process, because the force carrier of that pressure would have to move faster than light, which is impossible. I assume you have made peace with the notion that pure energy (such as light) can be converted to matter (electrons/quarks/nucleons), and vice versa. That means matter and energy are fundamentally made of the same thing, deep down, with that thing just contorting into various respective configurations. Well, now you just have to additionally accept that matter and energy can also be converted into pure spacetime curvature, and vice versa - meaning that matter, energy, and spacetime curvature are all made of the same variously-arranged underlying thing. Black holes can have no residual matter or energy, however exotic, inside of them: they are pure spacetime curvature - similar to how a gravitational wave is just pure spacetime curvature (a major difference being that black holes are relatively stationary, compared to gravitational waves that propagate at light speed.)
@danielcomeau9880
4 сағат бұрын
Wanna hang out? I'm in Maine most nights.
@olliverklozov2789
2 сағат бұрын
Newfoundland - Just take your boat up and ask which house is mine!
@KohniHart
Сағат бұрын
Its easy to find people that are just as interested in what you are, its really hard to find people that arent also degenerates,
@EdwardGarcia-h3f
5 сағат бұрын
My dog looked at the screen with interest. I think she has a new ambition😚
@gilleslalancette7933
2 сағат бұрын
Hey your physics is wrong re. event horizon. We know what's on the other side of Event Horizon (both rotating and not) and we know that Event horizon is not a 'physical' barrier and it's easy to go trough. You want to edit the answer? I can help.
@Globovoyeur
5 сағат бұрын
A minor goof: at 1:14, you say the Milky Way is "about 9,000 light-years across." You meant 90,000.
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