A thermodynamic process is defined as a change from one equilibrium macrostate to another macrostate. The initial and final states are the defining elements of the process. ... In this process energy may be transferred form or into the system and also work can be done by or on the system.
Classical thermodynamics considers three main kinds of thermodynamic process: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes. (1) A change in a system is defined by a passage from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium.
In a cyclic process, the system starts and returns to the same thermodynamic state. The net work involved is the enclosed area on the P-V diagram. If the cycle goes clockwise, the system does work. A cyclic process is the underlying principle for an engine.
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