Graphic illustration of each US presidential election, from George Washington's unanimous selection to Joseph Biden's election in 2020.
FAQ
1. Where are the Democratic-Republicans?
"Democratic-Republican" is an anachronistic term, used today to differentiate the early "party" founded by Jefferson and Madison from the contemporary Republican Party, which was founded in 1854 to oppose the spread of slavery. During the first party system, the Democratic-Republicans were more commonly called Republicans. To be historically accurate, I have labeled them as "Jeffersonian Republicans." In this video, Jeffersonian Republicans have been colored dark green to delineate from today's contemporary Republican Party, which is colored red.
2. What is the significance of the colors?
There is no significance to the color scheme chosen. American political parties do not have official colors, unlike parties in the UK. They're utilized to distinguish a candidate's state-by-state victories. The Red-Blue, Republican-Democratic schematic is a relatively recent phenomenon.
3. Why is Washington a Federalist?
Technically, Washington belonged to no party, and sought to remain above partisan politics, and I labeled him unaffiliated in 1789. Yet he did govern as a Federalist, supporting Federalist policies and programs engineered by his Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. By 1792, one can legitimately classify Washington a Federalist.
4. Isn't Andrew Jackson a Democrat?
Yes, Andrew Jackson is the first Democratic president. He created the modern-day Democratic Party, but only after John Quincy Adams became president in 1825, despite losing the popular vote. The furor over the "corrupt bargain" with Speaker Henry Clay, particularly among Jacksonian farmers, was cleverly cultivated for four years until Jackson opposed Adams again in 1828. By then, the Democratic Party had been formed to channel that energy into electing Jackson to the presidency. But in 1824, everyone was technically a Democratic-Republican, which I have labeled Jeffersonian Republican.
5. Where are John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, and Chester Arthur? These men were never elected to the presidency. They were only elected as Vice Presidents. This is a video of election results, not presidential succession.
6. State Designations. Between 1789 and 1824, the map in this video displays the electoral vote winners per state. At times, you will notice some states divided their electoral vote allocation, and this is reflected in the video. Beginning in 1824, popular vote numbers became more widely tabulated, permitting a cross-national comparative of each state's popular vote results. As such, beginning in 1828, the state colors reflect the winner of that state's popular election, not the electoral vote allocation. Obama winning Nebraska's 2nd Congressional District, and Trump winning Maine's Second do not appear, since their opponents won those states, overall. There are exceptions. For years, South Carolina did not use a popular vote system, but continued to have state legislatures choose electors. In these instances, I simply colored the state for that particular electoral vote winner.
7. Where is Ralph Nader? Or other, minor third-party candidates?
Ralph Nader was historically not a major third-party candidate. My criteria for deciding a major third-party candidate was simple: they either had to crack 6% on the national popular vote OR carry at least one state. In some instances, a third-party candidate enjoyed very concentrated support, nabbing a handful of states without breaking 6%, such as Strom Thurmond in 1948. In other instances, Ross Perot could receive 18% nationwide without garnering a single electoral vote because his support was much more dispersed around the country.
8. Where are the faithless electors?
I didn't find it of particular relevance or importance to note the faithless electors. Additionally, if a state allocated its electoral votes to a candidate that was not of the top two parties, nor one of the listed third or fourth parties, but was just a protest vote, they were colored grey for "others." This is by no means intended to be an exhaustive list of electoral vote allocations, but merely a six-minute presentation of US electoral history.
9. The photographs are precisely selected to present the likenesses of the candidates and presidents as close to or within the election year displayed as possible. I went to great lengths assuring the portraits, daguerreotypes, and photographs were all historically appropriate.
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