The cathedral of Viterbo, also known as the cathedral of San Lorenzo, has an imposing Romanesque structure dating back to the twelfth century even if the facade, due to the alterations of the sixteenth century, appears as a Renaissance style structure. The cathedral was built on a hill in the city towards the end of the 12th century, in the place of a small church dedicated to San Lorenzo and dating back to the 7th century, which was in turn built on the ruins of a pagan temple dedicated to Hercules. The Cathedral assumed significant importance in the second half of the 13th century, when it and the nearby Palazzo dei Papi became the seat of the papacy. Two popes were buried in the Cathedral: Pope Alexander IV (1199 - 1261), born Rinaldo di Jenne, who took refuge in Viterbo fearing capture by Manfredi di Sicilia, whose tomb has been lost and Pope John XXI (1210 - 1277) , born Pedro Julião, the only pope of Portuguese origins, who died after being the victim of a serious accident in the Papal Palace: the vault of his studio collapsed on him, probably due to a construction defect. The tomb is still visible at the bottom of the left aisle. The current façade strongly contrasts the surrounding buildings, of medieval origin and style, since in addition to not being built in stone like those, it is designed in the Renaissance style, by the will of Cardinal Gambara. The interior, with three naves and equipped with a Cosmatesque floor, was remodeled in the 16th century, when ten chapels were opened in the side walls: this involved the loss of the mural frescoes painted on the walls, demolished to make room for the chapels themselves.
The Piazza San Lorenzo itself, although dominated by the Cathedral and its bell tower, is surrounded by some buildings of some historical and architectural importance, including the old city hospital whose Etruscan foundations are clearly visible at street level. On the southern side of the square stands the Dimora di Valentino della Pagnotta, a thirteenth-century building named after the prior who bought it in 1458. The palace was damaged by the bombings of 1944 but was rebuilt exactly as it was originally.The north side of the square is dominated by the Loggia del Palazzo dei Papi, lengthened and rebuilt in 1266 with the erection of Viterbo as a papal seat. The Loggia connects the actual Palazzo dei Papi, in particular the Sala del Conclave, with the buildings on the east side of the square.
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