At the simplest level, a solenoid is a piece of wire wrapped around a core. The core usually has two parts - a stationary core and a movable one, which is the armature. Both parts are spring loaded.
When electric current passes through the wire, it creates a magnetic field that moves the armature away from the stationary core (or towards it, depending on the use and construction of the solenoid). When the current stops, the spring snaps the armature back into its original position.
This back and forth motion makes this type a linear solenoid, although there are also rotating solenoids that are a little more complex.
To work, a solenoid must have three things:
coiled wire
a mobile core
Electricity
Take out the tangled wire and you will have nothing. Take out the electricity and you have a spring. Take out the core and you're just holding an electromagnet.
In a car's ignition system, these elements combine to move the armature, which allows for the completion of the circuit that ignites your engine. Once you release your switch and it moves away from the “start” position, the solenoid is deactivated, the armature returns to its previous position, breaking the circuit. That way, your car ignition stops trying to start the engine as it is already working.
While a solenoid uses electromagnetism, it is not an electromagnet. He only uses electromagnetism to do his job. Despite this, many people use the terms interchangeably.
How does a solenoid work?
There's a good chance you've used multiple solenoids at some point today. They help start the car, ring the doorbell, and do a hundred other things for you every day. But, what is a solenoid and how does a solenoid work?
A solenoid works by producing an electromagnetic field around a moving core, called an armature. When compelled to move by the electromagnetic field, the movement of this armature opens and closes valves or switches and transforms electrical energy into mechanical motion and force.
Because they are such a big part of our world, solenoids are simple mechanisms that only require a basic understanding of physics that most of us learned in high school. Understanding them is not difficult and you don't need to know any mathematical formulas to learn their secrets.
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