The differential is a device that splits the engine torque two ways, allowing each output to spin at a different speed. The differential is found on all modern cars and trucks, and also in many all-wheel-drive (full-time four-wheel-drive) vehicles. These all-wheel-drive vehicles need a differential between each set of drive wheels, and they need one between the front and the back wheels as well, because the front wheels travel a different distance through a turn than the rear wheels.
Part-time four-wheel-drive systems don't have a differential between the front and rear wheels; instead, they are locked together so that the front and rear wheels have to turn at the same average speed. This is why these vehicles are hard to turn on concrete when the four-wheel-drive system is engaged.
When a car is driving straight down the road, both drive wheels are spinning at the same speed. The input pinion is turning the ring gear and cage, and none of the pinions within the cage are rotating -- both side gears are effectively locked to the cage.
When a car makes a turn, the wheels must spin at different speeds.
The differential is based on the principle of sun and planet gears. This pinion gear set is mounted within a carrier, and is free to rotate. The road wheels are connected to the pinion gears and the drive is sent via the carrier, which rotates when the car starts moving.
On a straight road, the planet gears within are stationary, although the gears themselves experience radial motion within the carrier they are connected to. They begin to rotate on their individual axes in corners, while still also moving around within the differential carrier.
This ‘dual’ rotation accounts for the speed difference in corners: one axle can ‘slow’ and the other can ‘speed up’ - the resultant driving force is the same, but it’s now split unequally between the two wheels.
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