The sine wave is one of the most important electrical or electronic waveforms. The sine wave can be seen within many electronic circuit designs and pieces of electronic equipment.
One of the easiest ways of seeing the sine wave is to use an oscilloscope - using the oscilloscope the amplitude can be seen on the vertical scale and time on the horizontal. When seen in this manner a sine wave traces out a periodic waveform that traces out a curve that oscillates smoothly up and down with the instantaneous value of the waveform being calculated from the sine of the proportion of the cycle that has been completed - one cycle being 360 degrees of 2 pi radians.
The sine wave can also be viewed as a spectrum plot where the amplitude is given on te vertical axis again and the frequency on the horizontal one. Ti is a bit like tuning a radio receiver over a band of frequencies and noting the output over the band. Here the spectrum of a sine wave can be seen to be a single frequency - an ideal sine wave has no harmonics.
Aspects including the frequency of the sine wave, i.e. the number of vibrations per second, i.e. Hertz, and the amplitude are also important.
Sine waves can also be seen to make up other periodic waveforms such as square waves where the fundamental has the same repetition rate as that of the square wave and then there are odd harmonics each with decreasing amplitude.
Other waveforms including triangular and sawtooth waveforms and many others can also be seen to have a variety of harmonically related sine waves.
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