In late 1221, Chinggis Khan defeated Khwarezm-shah Jalal al-Din Mingburnu on the borders of India: yet, India was spared the wrath of Chinggis Khan himself. Though Mongol armies would threaten the Delhi Sultanate later in the century, Chinggis Khan turned away from the subcontinent. Here, we look at the possible reasons Chinggis Khan did not invade India, as well as the impact his close presence did have, in the form of the fleeing Khwarezmian, Jalal al-Din.
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PRIMARY SOURCES:
‘Ala-ad-Din ‘Ata-Malik Juvaini, The History of the World-Conqueror. Vol. I. Translated by John Andrew Boyle. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1958.archive.org/details/historyof... See pages 134-142
‘Ala-ad-Din ‘Ata-Malik Juvaini, The History of the World-Conqueror. Vol. II. Translated by John Andrew Boyle. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1958. archive.org/stream/historyoft... See pages 406-417
Nasawi, “Histoirse du Sultan Djelal ed-Din Mankobirti.” Translated by O. Houdas. 1895. remacle.org/bloodwolf/arabe/ne... See chapters XXXVI-XL
SECONDARY SOURCES:
de Rachewiltz, Igor. "More about the Story of Cinggis-Qan and the Peace-Loving Rhinoceros." East Asian History 42 (2018): 57-66 (reprint)
Jackson, Peter. The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Jackson, Peter. “Jalāl al-Dīn, the Mongols, and the Khwarazmian Conquest of the Panjab and Sind.” Iran 28 (1990): 45-54.
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