Lipid metabolism refers to the processes by which fats are synthesized and degraded in the body. It involves several key pathways:
1. Lipid Digestion: Dietary lipids are broken down in the small intestine by enzymes like lipases, releasing fatty acids and glycerol. These are absorbed into the bloodstream as micelles and reassembled into triglycerides within intestinal cells.
2. Fatty Acid Oxidation: Fatty acids are transported into mitochondria where they undergo β-oxidation, a process that breaks them down into acetyl-CoA. This acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle to produce ATP, the body's energy currency.
3. Lipogenesis: When energy intake exceeds expenditure, excess acetyl-CoA is converted into fatty acids in the liver and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue. This process is regulated by hormones like insulin.
4. Ketogenesis: During fasting or low carbohydrate intake, the liver converts fatty acids into ketone bodies. These serve as an alternative energy source, especially for the brain, when glucose levels are low.
5. Cholesterol Metabolism: Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver and is vital for cell membrane integrity, hormone production, and bile formation. It can be obtained from the diet or produced endogenously and is transported in the blood by lipoproteins.
6. Lipoprotein Transport: Lipoproteins like VLDL, LDL, and HDL transport lipids through the bloodstream. LDL delivers cholesterol to cells, while HDL returns excess cholesterol to the liver for excretion or recycling.
Hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and adrenaline play critical roles in regulating lipid metabolism, ensuring balance between energy storage and expenditure.
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