listening to these lectures while eating breakfast/lunch/dinner makes my food taste better
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
Awesome to hear!!! 🍿
@j.gstudios4576
3 жыл бұрын
I came to this video holding the view of the JEPD hypothesis but now that I've watched this that is in question. Thank you none the less for this amazing video!!!!
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
You're welcome.
@cornycontent1915
3 жыл бұрын
The mighty healing power of Docta Dave!
@kyrylolut1104
3 жыл бұрын
Greetings from Ukraine. At first when i have your video in recommended (that was popcorn video on IP) i thought: "damnit, those atheist-materialist are trying to undermine our faith in Christ yet again", thanks God i was wrong. I found that this channel is real apologist, yet scientific treasury. That's the most complete evidence pack for the Exodus. I've personally met this theory 7 or 8 years ago in book of Igor Tantlevsky "History of ancient Israel and Judea till destruction of first temple". Idk if it was published in English, but it has the similar references to exodus evidence. God bless you, David
@MatthewChenault
3 жыл бұрын
It’s nice to listen to this while referencing the Bible. Modern historical studies should take the Bible more seriously than it has been taken, since it’s clear that isn’t just “made up,” but has a tangible, historical precedent behind it. Just because it’s a holy book does not mean it’s all made up and the historical community should start reconsidering their stances on it.
@younggrasshopper3531
2 жыл бұрын
They won’t because of their selfish desires
@gianorozco7532
2 жыл бұрын
Agree
@lohikaarmeherra-1753
2 жыл бұрын
@@younggrasshopper3531 Nah, it´s because it is full of magical nonsense like talking animals and sticks that turn into snakes with egyptian magic.
@younggrasshopper3531
2 жыл бұрын
@@lohikaarmeherra-1753 no matter what you tell yourself, you don’t believe God because you don’t want to.
@lohikaarmeherra-1753
2 жыл бұрын
@@younggrasshopper3531 Ok mister mind reader, keep digging that hole of your’s.
@arock155
3 жыл бұрын
This is fascinating. I never realized how significant those details were, but just from the names of Piramesses and Pithom you can place clear limits on the Exodus narrative's composition: it couldn't be before Pithom was named and it couldn't be after Piramesses was abandoned and forgotten. Add to that all the other specific local knowledge you described, and the theory that the Exodus narrative was first written hundreds of years later and hundreds of miles away seems very weak.
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
Exactly... 😄
@irreview
3 жыл бұрын
I have been waiting for this for so long.
@pigzcanfly444
3 жыл бұрын
This is an amazing compilation of hard archeological evidence for the exodus. Thank you so much Dr Falk for your work and efforts. God bless you brother and may God use your ministry wot bring many to the kingdom.
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
God bless you also.
@younggrasshopper3531
2 жыл бұрын
Such strong conclusions at the ends of these videos, really blows the mind. God is so amazing, I love the mysteries and puzzles He gives us for our curiosity and intellect. The Exodus foreshadows the New Testament beautifully: slavery to Egypt and our slavery to sin, crossing the Red Sea like baptism, and the Revelation relates back to the Exodus, such as the plagues
@kaitolestin5821
3 жыл бұрын
I still don't understand why biblical scholars still hold to the documentary hypothesis, and the late composition date of the Torah Maybe genesis can be debated, and the double narratives, some anachronisms and some minor contradiction can be used to argue for a late composition... But concerning the four other books, evidence are so many that it's absurd to say that they were written under Josiah or during the Babylonian exile
@bartolo498
3 жыл бұрын
Wouldn't one distinguish between older traditions (oral or written down) that could predate all of JEPD and JEPD and the final redaction? The place names are fascinating and the argument that some of these cities literary didn't exist anymore is quite strong. However, in the later episodes of the pentateuch and Joshua and Judges (I think) there are very frequently given alternative place names for places in Kanaan/Israel. I.e. "x that is now called z/was then called w" or "y that is there even until today" or so. This indicates that a later writer took some older information and added such "notes"/glosses for his audience that was not familiar with the old place names but both names had been part of a tradition. That this is usually? not the case for Egyptian places would be an indication that nobody knew the later place names (or that the cities had ceased to exist etc.)
@jedphillips9362
3 жыл бұрын
Ramesses II disliked this video.
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
Dead people don't get an opinion. 🤣🤣🤣
@whateven6694
3 жыл бұрын
This series is awesome! I greatly appreciate your work and I’m sure many others feel the same.
@batman105able
3 жыл бұрын
I love this !!! Keep doing what you are doing cause it’s so educational.
@zhazhae5513
3 жыл бұрын
Greetings from Indonesia. I really love your works. It really amazes me to learn the bible in historical and geographical perspective. Keep it up your good work Dr. Falk, God bless you.
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
God bless you also!!!
@catholicbeth2371
3 жыл бұрын
Fantastic stuff. I've been asking these questions for years...
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
Awesome!!! I hope you are getting some answers here. 😄
@catholicbeth2371
3 жыл бұрын
@@ancientegyptandthebible I am shortly starting an MA in Catholic theology. I will be attempting to steer the narrow path between evangelical fundamentalists and those liberals who think the bible has no historical evidential value at all. Wish me luck....
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
@@catholicbeth2371 I've prayed for you. Best of luck and keep the faith!!!
@dubliner1100
2 жыл бұрын
@@catholicbeth2371 prayers 🙏
@sabhishek9289
Жыл бұрын
Very interesting and informative. God bless you Dr Falk for presenting these powerful evidences for the Exodus.
@jedighostbear4401
3 жыл бұрын
Good video. I picked up the Counterpoints book on the Exodus for my vacation reading and it was really really good. I did not, however, expect Hoffmeier to take a shot at Hendel in his response to Hendel's essay. And whoa boy was Hendel salty about it. But if Hoffmeier's charges are true, that Hendel went around trying to squeeze out Moshier and others simply because they're evangelical then I can see why Hoffmeier is sticking up for his guy
@psylegio
Жыл бұрын
Life, prosperity and health! I got to start using that as my email goodbye. That is just awesome!
@ConverseContender
3 жыл бұрын
Another great episode 👍🍿
@Thehaystack7999
Жыл бұрын
Okay, I gotta buy your books. The more and more I study the closer I get to what you have presented.
@yzerman123
3 жыл бұрын
Thank you for the video!
@speakbigtruth9383
Жыл бұрын
This is amazing to me! You must write a book documenting this.
@isaacleillhikar4566
2 жыл бұрын
After stydying Herodotus and others, reading the Book of Acts had a New filmographic deffinition. I cant wait to have watched through this series.
@rataroto3065
3 жыл бұрын
Dr Falk in your opinion is the book of Joshua pre-exilic, post exile, or pre-exilic with alterations later on? Love the video btw you make a very convincing case for the Exile!
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
The book of Joshua is pre-exilic.
@kurtf.4383
2 жыл бұрын
I have a question, Dr. Falk… would you ever debate Dr. Rohl?
@nathanaelswayne8024
3 жыл бұрын
Love these videos so much. Will your study go into the time of the BAC? I'd be interested to hear an egyptologist/historian maybe talk about those times.
@traildude7538
Ай бұрын
I get the impression that the Egyptians built and abandoned cities like they could just build another one any time.
@chowyee5049
3 жыл бұрын
Dr Falk, in a past livestream you mentioned that Israel Finkelstein no longer holds the same influence in his home country that he still does in North America. Can you elaborate on that?
@rufusjohngoa
3 жыл бұрын
Basically as far as I have understood America lies in North America I'm not sure whether he has any influence anywhere else but he has more influence in America coz of atheists than he has in Israeli archeology no one takes him seriously apart from online atheists Check out his video on holy koolaid fink appears there he talks a little bit more there
@christianbensel
3 жыл бұрын
Fascinating. Just as convincing as onomastic arguments for the reliability of the Gospels.
@TairyuShakuhachi
Жыл бұрын
Faithlife should commission an Exodus commentary by Dr. Falk.
@Spacekriek
Ай бұрын
A very good presentation ! However, in the face of so much evidence that has been found up to the present I need to say that I lean towards the Exodus route being through the mountains of the Sinai peninsula up to the beach of Nuweiba and then east towards the present day Saudi Arabia. Here are some of the more notable pointers: * The Israelites trekking through the mountains of the Sinai peninsula, "They are entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut them in".. Exodus 14:3 * This route, finally opening up at the large beach of Nuweiba that is able to accommodate quite a few million people. Nuweiba, apparently, is short for Nuweiba' al Muzayyinah, the waters that Moses parted (or opened). * There is a stretch of beach sand here (about 400 meters long) that has the sand fused together in large, solid clumps. Bring this together now with the fire column that separated the Egyptians and the Israelites just before the crossing. * Today there are numerous objects on the sea floor along the underwater "bridge" towards Saudi Arabia that point towards an army of some sort that met their end there. Chariot parts of the 18th dynasty, wheels with 4 and 8 spokes and even gold plating on the sea floor were found along with human rib cages and horses hooves covered in coral. * On both sides of this crossing site granite pillars have been found that marked the site as the actual place of the crossing of the Israelites. * One of the most exciting markers along the rest of the route towards the real mount Sinai is the split rock of Horeb. It stands out head and shoulders, so to speak, above the rest of the desert landscape. The area below the cleft rock shows signs of a great body of water that caused erosion, smoothing the rock surface. * Ultimately we end up at the real mount Sinai or Jebel al Laws. On Google Earth we can still see the camping site of the Israelites, the altar of the golden calf, the pillars that Moses set up for the twelve tribes, his altar and the coral for the cattle prepared for the offering. Last but not least, the blackened peak of Jebel al Laws also points towards the presence of some great heat or fire on top of it.
@ancientegyptandthebible
Ай бұрын
> A very good presentation ! However, in the face of so much evidence that has been found up to the present I need to say that I lean towards the Exodus route being through the mountains of the Sinai peninsula up to the beach of Nuweiba and then east towards the present day Saudi Arabia. Really? I know of no good evidence for the route being through Nuweiba beech and into Saudi Arabia, and a lot of evidence against that view. > The Israelites trekking through the mountains of the Sinai peninsula, "They are entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut them in".. Exodus 14:3 Exod 14:3 makes no mention of "mountains." The "wilderness" is another name for a "desert." What you are suggesting is eisegesis. > This route, finally opening up at the large beach of Nuweiba that is able to accommodate quite a few million people. Nuweiba, apparently, is short for Nuweiba' al Muzayyinah, the waters that Moses parted (or opened). There is no evidence that a million people were part of the exodus. Modern estimates place the exodus at about 50-100K people. > There is a stretch of beach sand here (about 400 meters long) that has the sand fused together in large, solid clumps. Bring this together now with the fire column that separated the Egyptians and the Israelites just before the crossing. That's sterile conjecture. What is the composition of the sand that would imply that it was fused by fire? > Today there are numerous objects on the sea floor along the underwater "bridge" towards Saudi Arabia that point towards an army of some sort that met their end there. There is no underwater bridge there. If there were, ships would get stuck on it all the time. The "bridge" is 2400 ft below sea level. The Bible states that the waters were parted by a wind from the east (Exod 14:21). There is no wind in this solar system that could part waters of that depth. At that point, the real miracle is not the parting of waters but that the Israelites weren't blown away by the wind and the flesh was not stripped off of their bones. > Chariot parts of the 18th dynasty, wheels with 4 and 8 spokes and even gold plating on the sea floor were found along with human rib cages and horses hooves covered in coral. There is no evidence that any chariot parts were found in the Red Sea. The "gold chariot wheel" was a ridiculous fraud. And coral formations are just that, natural coral formations found all over the Red Sea--they are not restricted to the Nuwuiba beach. None of those faunal remains can be traced to the exodus itself. They are just animal remains out of context. So for archaeological purposes, they are useless as evidence. > On both sides of this crossing site granite pillars have been found that marked the site as the actual place of the crossing of the Israelites. Did you know that those pillars are from the Roman-period? They are easily identified as such from the capitals. > One of the most exciting markers along the rest of the route towards the real mount Sinai is the split rock of Horeb. It stands out head and shoulders, so to speak, above the rest of the desert landscape. The area below the cleft rock shows signs of a great body of water that caused erosion, smoothing the rock surface. Did you know that the "split" rock is not in the Bible? The closest that find to that is in Isa 48:21 where Moses "broke open" the rock. Moses "splitting" the rock is an traditional interpretation that is being read into the translation of Isa 48:21. There is no mention of the rock being split in two in Num 20:11 or anywhere else in the Bible. This is an interpretive myth. And the split rock in Saudi Arabia shows no evidence of ever being a spring, i.e., there are no slate deposits near the rock. > Ultimately we end up at the real mount Sinai or Jebel al Laws. This is a huge problem because the Bible states that Mount Sinai is on the west side of the wilderness (Exod 3:1), so it cannot be in Saudi Arabia. But there are many other reasons why it cannot be Mount Sinai, no the least of which is that it depends on Pithom, Pihahiroth, Baal Zephon, Migdol, and the Sea of Reeds all being in the wrong places. Moreover, the records from Egypt state that the Sea of Reeds was between Tjaru (Tell Hebua) and Piramesses (Qantir), and that Pithom, Pihahiroth, Baal Zephon, Migdol, and the Sea of Reeds are all in close proximity to each other. We know for certain where Pithom is located--it is in the Wadi Tumilat. And Egyptian records place Pihahiroth, Baal Zephon, Migdol, and the Sea of Reeds in the Northwest Sinai. That is going to make Jebel al Laws a very difficult sell as the real Mount Sinai. > On Google Earth we can still see the camping site of the Israelites, How do you know the Israelites camped there? Isn't that just a wild assumption? > the altar of the golden calf, That's not an altar. I have seen a lot of ancient Near Eastern altars. No altar ever looked like that. > the pillars that Moses set up for the twelve tribes, Those aren't pillars. Have you seen many stone pillars? > his altar and the coral for the cattle prepared for the offering. There is a corral there, but no altar. But so what? A lot of way stations for nomads have corrals. But nothing says that these belonged to Israelites. > Last but not least, the blackened peak of Jebel al Laws also points towards the presence of some great heat or fire on top of it. Do you realize that the blackened peak is from desert varnish, not oxidation from heat? Desert varnish creates a brown or black burnished varnish on stone by mineral deposition combined with friction. Heat is not involved at all. Desert varnish is common phenomenon in the near East. It is common enough that I even have a small flint sample on my desk with desert varnish. I'm just saying that you might want to rethink your position on this.
@JoshSketchShow
3 жыл бұрын
I have to ask; how probable, if by any means necessary, would have this kind of information been accessible to the exiled Jews? Was Egypt's history even that widespread or documented in that time frame for it to have been either common knowledge or known by Babylonians, or even traders visiting Babylon? Sorry for being so specific, I just really like certainty.
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
That kind of history was not accessible to Israelites living in Babylon. Babylon did not keep historical information about Egypt, and vice versa. And except for the case of kings lists, Egypt didn't even keep its own history for longer than a few hundred years. So it is unlikely that the Israelites would have had access to this kind of info in Babylon from outside sources.
@cliveguth6377
3 жыл бұрын
How cool
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
Great to see a comment from you, my old friend. 😄
@rufusjohngoa
3 жыл бұрын
What is that hazor book in the background can you tell me please?
@lucasmonteiro129
3 жыл бұрын
Awesome video Dr. Falk!!! May I ask you something not very much related to the video? Recently I've been reading some scholars who say that the ancestors of most Israelites have never been to Egypt. Was the Exodus only a little contribution to the formation of Israel? Were there other peoples that contributed to it as well?
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
> Recently I've been reading some scholars who say that the ancestors of most Israelites have never been to Egypt. I think they are full of it. > Was the Exodus only a little contribution to the formation of Israel? The exodus was the seminal event without which there would be no Israel. > Were there other peoples that contributed to it as well? That requires a yes and no kind of answer. There were other peoples who contributed to genetic mix of Israel both during and after the exodus. The sons the Jacob left Egypt with a mixed multitude that consisted of many people groups. Afterwards, there was interbreeding with native Canaanites and foreign nations. So, the answer to your questions is the exodus was a major contribution to the formation of Israel AND other people groups contributed to it as well.
@vedinthorn
3 жыл бұрын
I'm sure you think it's nonsense, but what do you make of the potential argument that perhaps the Israelites in Babylon had access to old records of Egyptian places and names and very carefully and cleverly devised the myth of the Exodus based on such things? (Nevermind that this requires far more complications like proving that Babylon had such records, that the Israelites would have any reason to make it up in this fashion, that no one would have at the time recognized it as a myth etc. and thereby completely ignore Occam's razor)
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
🤣🤣🤣
@vedinthorn
3 жыл бұрын
@@ancientegyptandthebible yeah, I know, it's ridiculous, but I've legitimately seen internet atheists try to argue it. I get that plenty of Christian apologists are terrible with facts of history and all, but you'd think that wouldn't give people license to be terrible with them on the other end.
@christianbensel
3 жыл бұрын
While in Babylon, they did have access to old Egyptian toponyms via the book of Exodus.
@501Mobius
3 жыл бұрын
There are some other facts that someone in Babylon would not hope to know.
@andrewmckinney148
2 жыл бұрын
Fascinating! Have there been any archeological excavations to find the true Sea of Reeds? Seems like everyone focuses on the Red Sea.
@michaelbeeson
3 жыл бұрын
Lol I was listening while working and sounds for map transition things freaked me out until I figured out what it was.
@isaacleillhikar4566
2 жыл бұрын
Thats a point, the persian gulf is called something like "the Waters of Papyrus" isnt it ? Abe Ney.
@EmersumBiggins
3 жыл бұрын
The Israelites knew they would be pursued by a swift army with horses and chariots, so naturally, they ran to the shore of a large body of water 🙄😂🙄😂
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
Indeed, from a strategic point of view, these are all the wrong moves: turning back, heading towards a military fortress, boxing oneself between an army, the desert, and the sea. * But, Solo, it's a trap!!! *
@berdasau
2 жыл бұрын
I have a question, doctor Falk. Where would be the Reed Sea crossing then? I didn't see it on your map, perhaps I overlooked something. Thanks.
@ancientegyptandthebible
2 жыл бұрын
It would be as it crosses the lake (yam suf) in the northwest area of the Sinai.
@nathandougal9361
2 жыл бұрын
Is there going to be another part to this series ?
@hans.stein.
2 жыл бұрын
Paul identifies Mount Sinai with Hedjas (Hagar), a mountain in Arabia. The Peninsula was later named Sinai while in effect it had belonged to Egypt. The people did not leave Egypt through the sea to only arrive in Egypt again. Glen Fritz I think is wrong in thinking they stuck for 40 years alongside the Southern border of the land on the peninsula. They travelled the desert of Arabia and entered the land from the east. In the prophets the Mountain of God is associated with Teman and Paran in Arabia. To locate the Mountain on the Peninsula seems quite unconvincing to me. (They left Egypt as Moses had when he went to Midian for 40 years. There he had the encounter on the Mountain. Not in the land of Egypt on the peninsula.)
@roelgeurtsen6035
2 жыл бұрын
Yam suph is yam suph is yam suph is the golf of Acaba going south!!!
@ancientegyptandthebible
2 жыл бұрын
Care to elaborate on that?
@roelgeurtsen6035
2 жыл бұрын
1 Kings 9:26. ... SET: "King Solomon made a fleet in Ezion-geber, which is near Eloth, on the coast of the Sea of Reeds, in the land of Edom." Or do you believe the Bible refers to two seperate yam suphs?! why won't you accept a plain reading of scripture? Is our God not mighty enough to split the actual red sea? don't you know mount Sinai is in Saudi Arabia near ancient Midiam then why would Moses flee to a place within greater Egypt As you yourself stated all the while God instructed Moses not to go by the road of the Philistines! Are you trying to lure people by presenting a lesser miracle? With all your knowledge are you comfortable placing Midiam within the sphere of influence of Pharaoh?@@ancientegyptandthebible
@roelgeurtsen6035
2 жыл бұрын
@@ancientegyptandthebible 1 Kings 9:26. ... SET: "King Solomon made a fleet in Ezion-geber, which is near Eloth, on the coast of the Sea of Reeds, in the land of Edom." Or do you believe the Bible refers to two seperate yam suphs?! why won't you accept a plain reading of scripture? Is our God not mighty enough to split the actual red sea? don't you know mount Sinai is in Saudi Arabia near ancient Midiam then why would Moses flee to a place within greater Egypt As you yourself stated all the while God instructed Moses not to go by the road of the Philistines! Are you trying to lure people by presenting a lesser miracle? With all your knowledge are you comfortable placing Midiam within the sphere of influence of Pharaoh? @Ancient Egypt and the Bible
@ancientegyptandthebible
2 жыл бұрын
@@roelgeurtsen6035 Absolutely, there are two different yam suphs. There is one in the northwest Sinai near Piramesses, Migdol, and Pithom(LBA) and one by Ezion-Geber (IA). This is the plain reading of Scripture. The plain reading of Scripture also says God divided the sea with a wind from the east. If Scripture says God used a wind, what kind of wind would be needed to split the Gulf of Aqaba? A 3000 mph wind. Is God powerful enough to produce a 3000 mph wind? Yes, but a wind of that speed has never occurred on this planet. However, no normal human being would survive such a wind or the forces it created. Are you going to say that God did a second miracle to save the Egyptians from the wind only to drown them in the water? How far are you willing to go to save a bad theory that attacks the clear teaching of Scripture? Midian was well outside the sphere of influence of Pharaoh and Sinai is not in Saudi Arabia.
@501Mobius
3 жыл бұрын
OK, so you think Pi-Thom to be the camp site at Etham? I'm not to sure at this as the desert they travel for three days in is what called Etham in one passage and Shur in another. There are separate references to both Pi-Thom and Etham. If they are the same place how do you explain that? To make any sense of crossing the reed sea Pi-hahiroth would have to be located to the west of it. Baal-zephon could be located to the east of the yam suf because the Israelites were to camp across from it. There also should of been a road called 'The Way of the Reed Sea' that the Israelites travel on which is not the 'Way of Horus'. There shouldn't be any looping round near Baal-zephon. It should of been a straight away crossing at Pi-hahiroth from west to east then regaining the road of 'The Way of Shur' to travel east. Note there are no roads running north-south to the east of the fort line. This would of allowed an attacker from the east to by-pass the fort line. I'm sorry but that is one of the most ridiculous Exodus routes outside of Ron Wyatt's I've ever seen. Why would Pharaoh even follow Moses closely when he would be heading back to Ramesses?
@ancientegyptandthebible
3 жыл бұрын
Pithom and Etham are synonymous. First, the "pi/pr" prefix is always optional and can be dropped in both Egyptian and Hebrew languages. Second, Etham occurs in the narrative where the Egyptian texts identify Pithom. Third, if the Israelite approach to the Yam Suf is from the south, then Pi-Hahiroth doesn't have to be exactly due West. This is because the route is not a straight shot. We know this because of the relationship between the Wadi Tumilat and Migdol. Moreover, nothing in the text gives the slightest indication that it was a straight shot west to east. Fourth, there was looping because the Israelites feign the appearance of "wandering aimlessly" in the desert (Exod 14:3). Fifth, there are indeed no roads running north-south because there was no road there, but that doesn't exclude a path being there. That path is recognized by Egyptian texts, and had been used by Asiatic Levantines since the First Intermediate Period. Sixth, an attacker from the east gaining access to Egypt was a potential threat but less so than from the coast line, and the reason is because of natural geographic barriers, such as, the Pelusiac estuary. Nevertheless, the Egyptians did build khetem fortresses in the Wadi Tumilat to mitigate this threat. Those fortresses were only build where the Egyptians perceived a threat of incursion. Overall, the idea that Pithom and Etham are the same place is universally recognized among exodus scholars. The two places names are only confused by more casual readers.
@asmaelitemiz2039
2 жыл бұрын
Extract from 'The Bible came from Arabia' by Professor Kamal Salibi With respect to the place-name msrym, it must be emphasised that it is rarely used in the Hebrew Bible to refer to Egypt, as commonly assumed. Where it does not refer to Misramah near Abha (see chapter4 and 13), it refers to Masr, in Wadi Bishah, or to Madrum (mdrm), in the Ghamid highlands (see chapter 14). The Biblical 'Pharaoh' (pr'h), as will be suggested later, was not the ruler of Egypt, but a West Arabian god associated with Misrahmah and Masr, among other places, and was perhaps also the designation of the chiefs of a tribe of the locality. the Biblical msr could also have been the name of a West Arabian tribe, called in Arabic the Mudar (mdr, 'soured milk'). Certainly, a 'Pharaoh' tribe called the Far'a (pr'), is still to be found in Wadi Bishah today, carrying the name of the ancient god or chiefs of the region.
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