Non-aqueous titration refers to a type of titration in which the analyte substance is dissolved in a solvent that does not contain water. This procedure is a very important one in pharmacopoeial assays.
The need for non-aqueous titration arises because water can behave as a weak base and a weak acid as well, and can hence compete in proton acceptance or proton donation with other weak acids and bases dissolved in it.
The procedure of non-aqueous titration is very useful because it satisfies two different requirements, namely - suitable titration of very weak acids or bases along with providing a solvent with an ability to dissolve organic compounds.
Types of Non-Aqueous Solvents
Typically, there exist four types of solvents used in the non-aqueous titration of a given analyte. These are:
Aprotic Solvents - these solvents are neutral in charge and are chemically inert. They also generally have a low dielectric constant. Examples of these types of solvents include chloroform and benzene.
Protophilic Solvents - these solvents have a basic character and tend to react with the acids they come in contact with, leading to the formation of solvated protons. Examples of protophilic solvents are ammonia and pyridine.
Protogenic Solvents - these solvents have a more acidic character and tend to have a levelling effect on the bases they come in contact with. Examples of protogenic solvents used in non-aqueous titration are sulphuric acid and acetic acid.
Amphiprotic Solvents - these solvents have properties that are protophilic as well as protogenic. Examples of these types of solvents are acetic acid and alcohols.
Thus, the solvents typically used in non-aqueous titrations are described above. The endpoints of these titrations can also be accurately measured using potentiometric titration procedures.
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