#AGRICULTURE # GENETICS & PLANT BREEDING #DNA & RNA
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Nucleic Acids - Nature, structure, Functions and Types
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides joined by covalent (phosphodiester) bonds formed between their sugar and phosphate groups. There are two types of nucleic acids that differ chemically because of their sugar component, deoxyribose in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribose in ribonucleic acid (RNA). Physically the two differ because DNA is composed of two strands that form a helix and RNA is single stranded. Attached to the sugar and phosphate groups are nucleotide bases of which there is a total possibility of five: cytosine (C), thymine (T, in DNA only), uracil (U, in RNA only), adenine (A), and guanine (G). The two strands comprising DNA are joined by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases, where G always bonds with C (by three hydrogen bonds) and A with T (by two hydrogen bonds). The relative content of G + C versus A + T in the genome of an organism can be used to differentiate taxonomic groups. The different order or sequence of nucleotide bases codes the information to determine appearances and functions in every organism. Nucleotide sequences that code for proteins are called genes. This information can provide information about potential function and phylogeny of a gene.
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