What are Polysaccharide and their Types?
A polysaccharide is made up of many monosaccharide molecules joined together. The process of condensing many similar molecules to form a large molecule is called polymerization. Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are types of polysaccharides formed from the condensation of many glucose molecules. Condensation is the reaction in which a water molecule is released as a byproduct.
Starch
Starch is one of the most important sources of carbohydrates in our food. It is commonly present in vegetable foods such as cereals, potatoes, etc. However, starch is not formed or stored by animals. Starch is made up of a very large number of glucose molecules condensed together to form chains of glucose units. These chains are a mixture of straight and branched chains. The glucose units are linked by “bridges” or chemical bonds. A starch molecule may contain as many as 200 glucose units.
Glycogen
Glycogen is sometimes referred to as an “animal starch”. It is a stored form of carbohydrate in animals and also in fungi. In mammals, it is stored mainly in the liver and in the muscles. It is formed when numerous glucose molecules condense to form highly branched chains of glucose units. Glycogen and starch are suitable as storage materials due to many reasons. Some of these are because they are large and insoluble in water so they do not change osmotic pressure in the cells. Due to their large size, they are unable to diffuse through the cell membrane and can easily be hydrolyzed when needed.
Cellulose
Cellulose is the type of carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plants. It is similar to starch as it consists of glucose units linked together to form straight chains. Humans cannot digest cellulose, but it forms the bulk of undigested matter. This fiber is important to the proper functioning of the large intestine.
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Timestamp:
00:00 What is a polysaccharide?
00:25 Types of polysaccharides
00:33 Starch
01:04 Cellulose
01:26 Glycogen
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